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整个地球陆地有三分之一被森林复盖。森林分布相当广阔,它构成了极为复杂的森林生态系统。如果从垂直于地面的角度来看森林生态系统,最低层是多变的土壤和种类繁多的微生物(如细菌和真菌类),地面上则是苔藓类和层次分明的各种植物群落,伴随着相适应出现的动物种群,大气与水则介于它们之间。这一复杂的森林生态系统,往返不停地进行着各种物质循环和能量传递。这种物质循环和能量传递方式,主要是通过碳素循环进行的。
One-third of the land on Earth is covered by forests. The forest is vastly distributed and forms an extremely complex forest ecosystem. If we look at forest ecosystems from vertical to the ground, the lowest is variable soil and a wide range of microorganisms (such as bacteria and fungi), and on the ground are moss and well-defined plant communities along with Adapted to the emergence of animal populations, the atmosphere and water are in between them. This complex forest ecosystem carries on all kinds of material circulation and energy transfer from place to place. This material circulation and energy transfer, mainly through the carbon cycle.