在写入现代成文宪法之前,公民概念有一个从中世纪通向现代的学术史历程。中世纪城市对公民的定义很多,大致可分为法条主义和人文主义两大类。这为公民概念通向现代的两种观念传统铺陈了道路,即绝对主义与共和主义。共和观念的传统在前期以英国的托马斯.莫尔与哈林顿为代表,后期以法国的狄德罗、孟德斯鸠与卢梭为代表,强调积极参与、公共精神与政治责任;布丹首创的绝对观念传统经格劳修斯改造,由霍布斯推向极致,突出消极服从、权利义务与个体自保。劳尔森、洛克、普芬道夫在二者之间寻求调和。公民概念的两种传统在现代国家体系中有不同的汇合方式。法国共和传统的公民经大革命的大众化与民主化洗礼后,最终在宪法上固化为权利义务相统一的现代概念。 Before writing into the modern written constitution, the notion of citizenship had a history of academic history leading from the Middle Ages to the present. Medieval cities have many definitions of citizens, which can be divided into two major categories, namely, law and humanism. This paved the way for the concept of citizenship leading to the two conceptions of modernity, namely absolutism and republicanism. The tradition of the concept of republic was represented by Thomas Moore and Harrington in the United Kingdom in the earlier period, and represented by Diderot, Montesquieu and Rousseau in France in the early period, which emphasized active participation, public spirit and political responsibility; The absolute concept of tradition by Glauconus transformation, from Hobbes to the extreme, highlighting the negative obedience, rights and obligations and individual self-protection. Lawrence, Locke, Pfeiffer seek to reconcile the two. The two traditions of the concept of citizenry have different ways of convergence in the modern state system. After being popularized and democratized by the Great Revolution, the French Republican traditional citizens finally became constitutional as a modern concept of unity of rights and obligations.