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摘要：本文摘编自美国电气电子工程师学会网站。文章阐述了并不是所有对电网的威胁都来源于地球，有时也会是太阳活动引起的大型地磁感应电流所致。介绍了科学家们如何首次利用美国高压输电线路精确测量地磁感应电流。
关键词：电网安全；高压输电线路；地磁感应电流；NASA
【分类号】TM76
Not all threats to the electric grid originate here on Earth. To better understand large solar events， which can be dangerous to the transmission grid， a researcher at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center is using high-voltage transmission lines to map large-scale geomagnetically-induced currents （GICs）.
并不是所有对电网的威胁都来源于地球，有时也会是太阳活动所致。为了更好地了解大型太阳能活动对电网构成的威胁，美国航空航天局Goddard太空飞行中心的一名研究人员利用高压输电线路绘制大型地磁感应电流（GICs）。
GICs occur when the sun ejects huge bubbles of charged particles that can carry up to 10 billion tons of matter. When the bubbles strike the Earth’s atmosphere， the geomagnetic field that surrounds our planet fluctuates.
当太阳喷出巨大的带电粒子泡沫时，可携带多达100亿顿的物质，这时就会产生地磁感应电流。当这些带电粒子泡沫进入地球大气层时，周围的地磁场会产生波动。
These fluctuations in the electrical current can then flow through any large conductive structure such as power lines， oil and gas pipelines， undersea cables， and railways， according to NASA. When excess current flows through the electric transmission system， it can overload transformers and collapse the system， leading to large-scale outages. From 1960 to 2000， the high voltage grid in the United States has grown nearly tenfold， according Oak Ridge National Laboratory [PDF]， making it increasingly susceptible to GICs.
据美国航空航天局介绍，由于上述原因而产生的电流波动可流经任何大的导电结构，如电源线，石油、天然气管道，海底电缆和铁路线。当过电流流经电力输电系统时，变压器过载，系统会崩溃，从而导致大面积停电。美国橡树岭国家实验室[ PDF]的统计显示，从1960年到2000年，美国的高压电网拓展了近十倍，如此规模的大电网越容易受到地磁感应电流的影响。
The concern that a large GIC could plunge part of the United States into a blackout is high on the list of issues faced by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission （FERC）， and is as much of a focus as physical or cyber security threats.
美国联邦能源监管委员会目前非常担心大电网的安全问题。因为一次大的电磁感应电流可使美国部分地区电力瘫痪。向网络安全一样，电网安全也越来越受到人们的关注。
Last year， FERC ordered the North American Reliability Corporation to propose reliability standards for the grid that address the impact of geomagnetic disturbances； owners of the bulk-power grid will have to conduct assessments of the potential impact of GICs on their systems moving forward.
去年，美国联邦能源监管委员会责令北美电力可靠性协会尽快出台电网可靠性标准，制定时要考虑到地磁干扰对电网安全的影响。各大电网公司必须就地磁感应电流对电网系统发展的潜在影响进行评估。
To better understand the effects of GICs， Antti Pulkkinen， a heliophysicst at Goddard， is installing three substations beneath high-voltage transmission lines to measure GICs. 为了测量并更好地了解地磁感应电流，Goddard太空飞行中心的一名技师，Antti Pulkkinen，在高压输电线路下安装了3个变电站。
“This is the first time we have used the U.S. high-voltage power transmission system as a science tool to map large-scale GICs，” Pulkkinen said in the NASA publication Cutting Edge [PDF]. “This application will allow unprecedented， game-changing data gathering over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales.”
Pulkkinen在美国航空航天局的杂志Cutting Edge里提到，这是科学家们首次将美国高压输电系统作为科学工具来绘制大型地磁感应电流。这项应用能在广阔的空间和时间范围内收集到前所未有的，改变游戏规则的数据。
Two of the three substations being built by Goddard engineers will be buried 1.2 meters below ground at a spot where Dominion Virginia Power’s high-voltage lines pass overhead. The lines will act as antennae for the electrical current. The substations will contain commercially available magnetometers that can make precise measurements of GICs. （The third substation will be located about three kilometers away to provide reference measurements.）
由Goddard工程师们在建的三个变电站中，两个将位于Dominion弗吉尼亚电力公司的高压线经过的地下1.2米处。输电线路可充当电流的天线；变电站里装有市场上出售的磁力仪，能精确测量地磁感应电流。（第三个变电站位于三公里以外的地方，为测量提供参考数据。）
Pulkkinen’s team is using technology also developed at Goddard to command and control the magnetometers from an iPad. The application， which tags and geolocates data， will send it to a server once every second.
Pulkkinen的团队利用Goddard研发成功的技术从ipad上指挥和控制磁力仪。这项应用能标注和地理定位相关数据并不断发送到服务器。
The pilot project is expected to last one to two years， but Pulkkinen hopes to eventually deploy hundreds of substations with long-term funding from multiple government agencies. The current project is funded by NASA’s Center Innovation Fund and Goddard International Research and Development program.
该试点项目预计将持续一到两年，但Pulkkinen希望最终能部署数百座变电站用于此项目的研究并得到多个政府机构的长期资助。目前该项目由美国航空航天中心创新基金和Goddard国际研究与发展项目资助。
摘编自美国电气电子工程师学会网站
参考文献：
[1] Katherine Tweed. NASA Uses Transmission Lines For Geomagnetic Antenna Study
[EB/OL].2014-04-29[2014-04-29].http：//spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/energy/the-smarter-grid/nasa-uses-transmission-lines-for-geomagnetic-antenna-study.
关键词：电网安全；高压输电线路；地磁感应电流；NASA
【分类号】TM76
Not all threats to the electric grid originate here on Earth. To better understand large solar events， which can be dangerous to the transmission grid， a researcher at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center is using high-voltage transmission lines to map large-scale geomagnetically-induced currents （GICs）.
并不是所有对电网的威胁都来源于地球，有时也会是太阳活动所致。为了更好地了解大型太阳能活动对电网构成的威胁，美国航空航天局Goddard太空飞行中心的一名研究人员利用高压输电线路绘制大型地磁感应电流（GICs）。
GICs occur when the sun ejects huge bubbles of charged particles that can carry up to 10 billion tons of matter. When the bubbles strike the Earth’s atmosphere， the geomagnetic field that surrounds our planet fluctuates.
当太阳喷出巨大的带电粒子泡沫时，可携带多达100亿顿的物质，这时就会产生地磁感应电流。当这些带电粒子泡沫进入地球大气层时，周围的地磁场会产生波动。
These fluctuations in the electrical current can then flow through any large conductive structure such as power lines， oil and gas pipelines， undersea cables， and railways， according to NASA. When excess current flows through the electric transmission system， it can overload transformers and collapse the system， leading to large-scale outages. From 1960 to 2000， the high voltage grid in the United States has grown nearly tenfold， according Oak Ridge National Laboratory [PDF]， making it increasingly susceptible to GICs.
据美国航空航天局介绍，由于上述原因而产生的电流波动可流经任何大的导电结构，如电源线，石油、天然气管道，海底电缆和铁路线。当过电流流经电力输电系统时，变压器过载，系统会崩溃，从而导致大面积停电。美国橡树岭国家实验室[ PDF]的统计显示，从1960年到2000年，美国的高压电网拓展了近十倍，如此规模的大电网越容易受到地磁感应电流的影响。
The concern that a large GIC could plunge part of the United States into a blackout is high on the list of issues faced by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission （FERC）， and is as much of a focus as physical or cyber security threats.
美国联邦能源监管委员会目前非常担心大电网的安全问题。因为一次大的电磁感应电流可使美国部分地区电力瘫痪。向网络安全一样，电网安全也越来越受到人们的关注。
Last year， FERC ordered the North American Reliability Corporation to propose reliability standards for the grid that address the impact of geomagnetic disturbances； owners of the bulk-power grid will have to conduct assessments of the potential impact of GICs on their systems moving forward.
去年，美国联邦能源监管委员会责令北美电力可靠性协会尽快出台电网可靠性标准，制定时要考虑到地磁干扰对电网安全的影响。各大电网公司必须就地磁感应电流对电网系统发展的潜在影响进行评估。
To better understand the effects of GICs， Antti Pulkkinen， a heliophysicst at Goddard， is installing three substations beneath high-voltage transmission lines to measure GICs. 为了测量并更好地了解地磁感应电流，Goddard太空飞行中心的一名技师，Antti Pulkkinen，在高压输电线路下安装了3个变电站。
“This is the first time we have used the U.S. high-voltage power transmission system as a science tool to map large-scale GICs，” Pulkkinen said in the NASA publication Cutting Edge [PDF]. “This application will allow unprecedented， game-changing data gathering over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales.”
Pulkkinen在美国航空航天局的杂志Cutting Edge里提到，这是科学家们首次将美国高压输电系统作为科学工具来绘制大型地磁感应电流。这项应用能在广阔的空间和时间范围内收集到前所未有的，改变游戏规则的数据。
Two of the three substations being built by Goddard engineers will be buried 1.2 meters below ground at a spot where Dominion Virginia Power’s high-voltage lines pass overhead. The lines will act as antennae for the electrical current. The substations will contain commercially available magnetometers that can make precise measurements of GICs. （The third substation will be located about three kilometers away to provide reference measurements.）
由Goddard工程师们在建的三个变电站中，两个将位于Dominion弗吉尼亚电力公司的高压线经过的地下1.2米处。输电线路可充当电流的天线；变电站里装有市场上出售的磁力仪，能精确测量地磁感应电流。（第三个变电站位于三公里以外的地方，为测量提供参考数据。）
Pulkkinen’s team is using technology also developed at Goddard to command and control the magnetometers from an iPad. The application， which tags and geolocates data， will send it to a server once every second.
Pulkkinen的团队利用Goddard研发成功的技术从ipad上指挥和控制磁力仪。这项应用能标注和地理定位相关数据并不断发送到服务器。
The pilot project is expected to last one to two years， but Pulkkinen hopes to eventually deploy hundreds of substations with long-term funding from multiple government agencies. The current project is funded by NASA’s Center Innovation Fund and Goddard International Research and Development program.
该试点项目预计将持续一到两年，但Pulkkinen希望最终能部署数百座变电站用于此项目的研究并得到多个政府机构的长期资助。目前该项目由美国航空航天中心创新基金和Goddard国际研究与发展项目资助。
摘编自美国电气电子工程师学会网站
参考文献：
[1] Katherine Tweed. NASA Uses Transmission Lines For Geomagnetic Antenna Study
[EB/OL].2014-04-29[2014-04-29].http：//spectrum.ieee.org/energywise/energy/the-smarter-grid/nasa-uses-transmission-lines-for-geomagnetic-antenna-study.