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探究性课题中首先必须遵循一些基本的科学逻辑思想方法。英国逻辑学家、哲学家穆勒的穆勒“五法”中的一些辩证思想方法——判断因果关系的归纳的逻辑思想,是探因类实验设计题破解的有效方法。其中“剩余法”较为复杂,有时要综合运用其他诸如“契合法”、“差异法”、“共变法”、“求同求异并用法”这些法则。但无论是经典探究实验,还是学生自主探究实验经常要用到,掌握其逻辑思想方法对学生完成从理论学习走向自己动手设计探究性实验有指导作用。
First of all, we must follow some basic logical thinking of science in the inquiry. Some dialectical thinking methods in Mueller’s “Five Laws” by British logician and philosopher Mueller - the logical thought of inducing causal relations is an effective way to solve the design problems of probing experiments. Among them, the “residual law” is more complicated, and sometimes it is necessary to synthetically use other laws such as “law of fit”, “law of difference”, “law of common law”, “law of seeking commonalities and common usage”. However, whether it is a classic inquiry experiment or a student’s own exploration experiment is often used, mastering its logical thinking method can guide the students from completing their theoretical study to designing their own exploratory experiments.