论文部分内容阅读
The integrability of quantum systems is characterized by the algebraic notion of dynamical symmetry, hence the nonintegrability of quantum systems should be discussed topologically in reference to corresponding integrable ones. A topological approach is proposed. The topological map in general is shown to be constituted of the piecewise diffeomorphic maps interrupted by sudden nondiffeomorphic maps and thus has the similar typical feature of stretching-folding-stretching………as the Smale horseshoe map.