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本文对《清实录》中带有“天朝体制”术语的40篇皇帝敕谕进行了具体考察,发现“天朝体制”是清朝乾隆至咸丰时期处理对外关系事务的惯常用语。它虽然多具有“制度”的基本含义,但具体含义却有不小差别,甚至少数敕谕还含有清朝权威之意。而随着中英《北京条约》的签订,“天朝体制”也从清朝皇帝敕谕中消失。日本学者檀上宽先生最近提出“天朝体制”理论,用以统括“朝贡贸易体制”论和“互市体制”论,并认为它是一个礼治体系系统,显然忽略了它的刑威方面;同时,它在明朝文献中也无法验证。
This article makes a detailed examination of 40 emperor encyclicals with the phrase “celestial system” in “Qing Record” and finds that “the system of the Heavenly Kingdom” was the common phrase used in handling foreign relations affairs during the period from Qianlong to Xianfeng during the Qing Dynasty. Although it mostly has the basic meaning of “system ”, its specific meaning is quite different. Even a few encyclicals also contain the meaning of the Qing authority. With the signing of the “Beijing Treaty” between China and Britain, the “celestial regime” also disappeared from the oracle of the Qing emperor. Japanese scholar Tanaka Kuan recently proposed the theory of “celestial system” to unify the theory of “tribute trade system” and “the system of mutual stock market”, and considers it to be a system of rites system that obviously ignores its Torture aspect; at the same time, it can not be verified in the Ming Dynasty literature.