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中国第一历史档案馆藏有《内阁全宗·刑科题本·土地债务》类档案,文章利用其中属于嘉庆朝形成的几百件档案资料,描绘18世纪末期19世纪初期宗族社会的细部状况,即宗亲间在生活各方面的互助、互救,宗族公共财产的管理、分配以及纠纷,族人的宗族意识和通财观念,清朝政府施行宗亲法的刑政状况及其对宗族的影响。从这些具体事实中我们可以认识族人与宗族的关系和宗族的功能、性质。作为宗族一分子的族人,生活在宗族社会人文环境中,既受到关照,又受其制约,宗族在保障族人生活、生存中起着重大作用。政府利用宗族协助其治理,从而给予极其有限的自治权利。
The archives of China’s First Historical Archives have archives of “Cabinet Fonds, Criminal Subjects, and Land Debts”. Using the hundreds of archival materials formed by the Jia-qing dynasty, this article depict the details of the clan society in the early 18th century and the early 19th century. That is, the mutual assistance and mutual aid between clansmen in all aspects of life, the management, distribution and disputes of the clan’s public property, the patriarchal clan consciousness and wealth management concept of the clansmen, the criminal and political conditions of the patriarchal clan law implemented by the Qing government and its influence on the clan. From these specific facts, we can understand the relationship between clan and clan and the function and nature of the clan. As a clan member, living in the humane environment of the clan society, it is both cared for and controlled by the clan, and the clan plays a significant role in ensuring the life and survival of clansmen. The government uses its clans to help govern it, giving it extremely limited autonomy.