一、国家所有制的性质长期以来,社会主义国家的传统理论观点认为,国家所有制就等于全民所有制或社会所有制,是生产资料与劳动者直接结合的具体形式。甚至在目前,苏联和东欧的理论界还有不少人仍然持国家所有制就等于全民所有制或社会所有制的观点。尽管如此,但从本世纪50年代开始,在苏联和东欧就出现了与上述国家所有制传统理论不同的观点。50年代初,南斯拉夫冲破了苏联的传统理论束缚,认为,根据马克思对未来社会的预见,公有制应区分为三种不同的历史形式,即社会主义国家所有制、社会主义自治所有制(也就是社会所有制)和共产主义所有制。60年代,在苏联经济改革的舆论准备阶段,某些经济学家也开始对国家所有 I. The Nature of State Ownership For a long time, the traditional theoretical view of socialist countries holds that state ownership is equal to ownership by the whole people or social ownership and is a specific form of direct combination of means of production with workers. Even now, many of the theoretical circles in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe still hold the view that state ownership is equal to ownership by the whole people or social ownership. However, since the 1950s, different views have emerged in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe as compared with the traditional theories of state ownership. In the early 1950s, Yugoslavia broke through the traditional theory of the Soviet Union and held that according to Marx's foresight in the future society, public ownership should be divided into three different historical forms: socialist state ownership and socialist self-government (that is, social ownership) And communist ownership. In the 1960s, during the period of preparation for public opinion in the Soviet Union's economic reform, some economists also began to make state-owned