道德失败,具体到朱熹的哲学思想中,主要表现为“知而不行”。朱熹提倡“知行合一”的理想状态,但也承认现实中“知而不行”情况的存在。在朱熹看来,道德失败的原因可归结为知之不足,也即“非真知”。“真知”其实是一个包含实践性在内的概念。而常知之所以没能达到真知,是因为知、情、欲等心理要素有缺陷,易受“私”的影响,从而在面对情境时道德无力。这种道德无力是道德意志软弱的表现,意志软弱要为道德失败负首要责任,因而避免道德失败的关键在于如何克服意志软弱。 Moral failure, specifically to Zhu Xi’s philosophical thinking, mainly manifested as “knowledge and not ”. Zhu Xi advocated “unity of knowing and doing ” the ideal state, but also admitted the reality “knowing and not ” the existence of the situation. In Zhu Xi’s opinion, the reason for moral failure can be attributed to the lack of knowledge, that is, “non-true knowledge.” “True knowledge ” is actually a concept that includes practicality. The reason why we can not know the truth is that the psychological elements of knowing, feeling and wanting are imperfect and susceptible to the influence of the “private”, so that we can not be morally weak in the face of the situation. This moral weakness is a manifestation of weakness of moral will, the weakness of will to bear the primary responsibility for moral failure, so the key to avoiding moral failure lies in how to overcome the will of weakness.