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中国近代史起于1840年。经过两次鸦片战争的挨打教训,中国近代化探索从19世纪60年代艰难起步,到1919年已经经历了学习西方军事器物;学习西方政治制度;学习西方思想文化等三个发展阶段。
Modern Chinese history began in 1840. After two beatings and lessons learned during the Opium War, the exploration of China’s modernization began with a difficult start in the 1860s and by 1919 had gone through three stages of development, such as learning of Western military artifacts, learning of Western political systems and learning of western ideology and culture.