法国的社会到了十八世纪,资本主义的新生产力要求自由的发展,而封建主义的旧生产关系,却成了这种新生产力自由发展的严重障碍。因之新生产力和旧生产关系之间的矛盾,愈趋尖锐化。这样一来,使得旧生产关系本身,以及作为维护这种旧生产关系的上层建筑中种种的旧制度,成了过时的、不合理的东西了。在这种社会背景之下,法国于是有一些所谓启蒙学者的先进思想家,应运而起。他们对于这种旧生产关系本身,以及作为维护这种旧生产关系的上层建筑中种种的旧制度,首先加以严正的批判。他们所利用的理论武器,大都 In the eighteenth century, the French society required the new productive forces of capitalism to develop freely. The old feudal relations of production, however, constituted a serious obstacle to the free development of this new productive forces. The conflict between the new productive forces and the old relations of production has become increasingly acute. As a result, the old relations of production, as well as the old systems in the superstructure that maintain such old relations of production, became obsolete and unreasonable. In this social context, France then has some so-called enlightenment scholars advanced thinkers, came into being. Their first serious criticism of the old relations of production, as well as of the old systems in the superstructure that maintain the relations of this old production, Most of the theoretical weapons they use