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近代民族主义是西方社会历史文化的产物,与中华传统文化差异甚大。晚清中国国难深重,知识精英均试图从民族主义中寻找救中国的思想武器。维新派试图按民族主义中整合“国族”的方式来建构民族国家,而革命派则鼓吹种族民族主义的“排满革命”。维新派的失败使得晚清社会只剩下革命这条唯一途径,而取自西方民族主义“一族一国”理论的“排满革命”虽然并不具有合理性,但在当时却是中国唯一能奏效的革命方式。尽管“排满革命”推动了辛亥革命的成功,但中国毕竟有其自身的历史文化背景,革命一旦成功,种族民族主义口号必须立即放弃,于是革命党转而倡导“五族共和”。不过,革命党人按源于启蒙思想的资产阶级民族国家政治建构在中国建政时,仍然是水土不服,从袁世凯到蒋介石,其结果是“画虎不成反类犬”。
Modern nationalism is a product of the history and culture of Western society, which is very different from traditional Chinese culture. In the late Qing Dynasty, the Chinese nationalist disaster was so serious that the intellectual elites tried to find the ideological weapon to save China from nationalism. The reformists tried to construct a nation-state in a way that integrates “nationality” in nationalism, while the revolutionaryists advocate racist nationalism “full of revolution.” The failure of the reformers made the only way for the revolution to exist in the late Qing society. Although it was not reasonable to take “revolutions” from the theory of “nationalism, nationality and nation” in the late Qing Dynasty, It is the only revolutionary way in China that can work. Despite its success in promoting the Revolution of 1911, China, after all, has its own historical and cultural background. Once the revolution succeeds, the slogan of racial nationalism must be abandoned immediately. The Revolutionary Party in turn advocates the “ ”. However, according to the political construction of the bourgeois national state based on enlightenment ideas, the revolutionaries are still acclimatized when they build their own political system in China. From Yuan Shikai to Chiang Kai-shek, the result is that “the tiger is not the opposite.”