PURPOSE: Rectal prolapse in children is not uncommon and usually is a self- limiting condition in infancy. Most cases respond to conservative management; however, surgery is occasionally required in cases that are intractable to conservative treatment. This study was designed to analyze the outcomes of rectal prolapse in children and to propose a pathway for the management of these cases in children. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all cases of rectal prolapse referred to our surgical unit during a period of five years was performed. End point was recurrence of prolapse requiring manual reduction under sedation or an anesthetic. Results are presented as median (range) and statistical analysis was performed using chisquared test; P < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 49 children (25 males) presented with symptoms of rectal prolapse at a median age of 2.6 years (range, 4 months - 10.6 years). All children received an initial period of conservative treatment with watchful expectancy and/or laxatives. Twenty- five patients were managed conservatively without any additional procedures (Group A), and 24 patients had one or more interventions, such as injection sclerotherapy, Thiersch procedure, anal stretch, banding of prolapse, and rectopexy (Group B). Management of rectal prolapse was successful with no recurrences in 24 patients (96 percent) in Group A vs. 15 patients (63 percent) in Group B at a median follow- up period of 14 (range, 2- 96) months. An underlying condition was found in 84 percent of patients in Group A vs. 54 percent in Group B (P = 0.024). The age at presentation was younger than four years in 88 percent of patients in Group A vs. 58 percent in Group B (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Rectal prolapse in children does respond to conservative management. A decision to operate is based on age of patient, duration of conservative management, and frequency of recurrent prolapse (>2 episodes requiring manual reduction) along with symptoms of pain, rectal bleeding, and perianal excoriation because of recurrent prolapse. Those cases presenting younger than four years of age and with an associated condition have a better prognosis. The authors propose an algorithm for the management of rectal prolapse in children. PURPOSE: Rectal prolapse in children is not uncommon and usually is a self- limiting condition in infancy. Most cases respond to conservative management; however, surgery is occasionally required in cases that are intractable to conservative treatment. This study was designed to analyze the outcomes METHODS: A retrospective analysis of all cases of rectal prolapse referred to our surgical unit during a period of five years was performed. End point was recurrence of prolapse requiring manual reduction under sedation or an anesthetic. Results are presented as median (range) and statistical analysis was performed using chisquared test; P <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: A total of 49 children (25 males) presented with symptoms of rectal prolapse at a median age of 2.6 years (range, 4 months - 10.6 years). All children received an initial period of conservative treatment with w atchful expectancy and / or laxatives. Twenty-five patients were managed conservatively without any additional procedures (Group A), and 24 patients had one or more interventions, such as injection sclerotherapy, Thiersch procedure, anal stretch, banding of prolapse, and rectopexy Group B). Management of rectal prolapse was successful with no recurrences in 24 patients (96 percent) in Group A vs. 15 patients (63 percent) in Group B at a median follow-up period of 14 (range, 2-96) months. An underlying condition was found in 84 percent of patients in Group A vs. 54 percent in Group B (P = 0.024). The age at presentation was younger than four years in 88 percent of patients in Group A vs. 58 percent in Group B (P = 0.019). CONCLUSIONS: Rectal prolapse in children does respond to conservative management. A decision to operate is based on age of patient, duration of conservative management, and frequency of recurrent prolapse (> 2 episodes requiring manual reduction) along with symptoms of pain, rectal bleeding, and perianal excoriation because of recurrent prolapse. Those cases presenting younger than four years of age and with an associated condition have a better prognosis. The authors propose an algorithm for the management of rectal prolapse in children.