现代生态——经济科学的发展使人们日益清醒地认识到,社会经济系统的正常运转说到底是以自然生态系统物质循环的动态平衡为基础的。在一个生态学上不健康的世界里不可能有经济财富的稳定增长可言。因此,理性的人类社会应该与自然生态建立起一种互利共生关系。以下,我谨借用一些西方经济学的分析工具,对如何完善市场机制促进经济生态化的问题谈一些看法。 (一)生态环境损害:市场失灵还是市场发育不全 先假设:在一原始森林覆盖的湖心岛上(S岛)建成了一个市场经济社会;社会的各种环境因子如阳光、空气、水体、土壤、植被、动物和微生物等共同构成了一个“活”的生态系统,但它仅被社会视为资源储藏所和生产、生活排泄物的容纳地;该社会以造纸业为支柱产业,其中的典型厂商是单独从事伐木、制浆、纸品生产的纵向一体化小型企业。 再设该社会的纸品市场是完全竞争市场,则某造纸企业(如企业A)的厂商均衡可用图 The development of modern ecology - economic science makes people realize increasingly soberly that the normal operation of the social economic system is based on the dynamic balance of the material circulation of natural ecosystems in the final analysis. There can be no steady increase in economic wealth in an ecologically unhealthy world. Therefore, a rational human society should establish a mutually beneficial symbiotic relationship with the natural ecology. Below, I would like to use some analytical tools of Western economics to talk about how to improve the market mechanism and promote economic development. (A) of the ecological damage: market failure or market hypoplasia Hypothesis: a primitive forest-covered lake island (S Island) built a market economy and society; social environment factors such as sunlight, air, water, Soil, vegetation, animals and micro-organisms together constitute a “living” ecosystem, but it is only regarded by society as a repository of resources and as an accommodation for production and living excrement; the community is dominated by the paper industry, of which Typical vendors are vertically integrated small businesses that are solely engaged in logging, pulping and paper production. If the market of paper products in this society is completely competitive, then the quotient of manufacturers in a papermaking enterprise (such as enterprise A)