细胞内原癌基因的激活和抑癌基因的失活导致肿瘤的发生,并影响肿瘤的发展和转归.因此检测细胞内的某些基因的变化,可以早期诊断肿瘤及判断病人预后.本文对结、直肠癌、胰腺癌、乳腺癌、黑色素瘤和胃癌等肿瘤的分子生物学标记物进行了综述,期望会对普外临床有所帮助. The activation of intracellular proto-oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes lead to tumorigenesis and affect the development and prognosis of tumors. Therefore, the detection of changes in certain genes in cells can diagnose tumors early and determine the prognosis of patients. Molecular biomarkers for cancers such as rectal cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, and gastric cancer are reviewed. Expectations will be helpful for general clinical use.