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本文探讨某种意义上与已知和未知信息的分布相关的“话题”、“焦点”和“话语指称物的认知状态”等信息结构概念,考察哪些信息结构特性可用语法限定来解释,哪些可归因于对信息被加工和传达的方式的非语言限定。本文指出,我们可区分已知-未知信息两个不同的意义,即指称性意义和关系性意义;在解释与指称性认知状态已知性概念相关的某些信息结构特性时应考虑语法和认知状态,而另一些特性因语言系统与制约交际推理过程的非语言原则的相互作用而产生,不一定直接表征于语法中;阐释关系性已知性概念取决于对话题的熟悉度或突显性条件乃至焦点的新信息效果等因素,而这些因素受制于一般语用原则,并不归因于语法。
This paper explores some information structure concepts such as “topic ”, “focus ” and “cognitive status of discourse referents ” which are related to the distribution of known and unknown information in a sense, and examines which information structural features are available Grammar limitations explain what can be attributed to non-verbal restrictions on the way information is processed and conveyed. This paper points out that we can distinguish between two distinct meanings of known-unknown information, namely, the meaning of referential and the relational. We should consider grammatical and cognitive aspects in interpreting certain structural features of information related to the notion of knownness of alleged cognitive state State of knowledge while other features arise from the interaction of the linguistic system with the non-verbal principles that govern the process of communicative reasoning, not necessarily directly in grammar; the notion of the knownness of relation depends on the familiarity or prominence of the topic And even the focus of the new information effects and other factors, and these factors subject to the general pragmatic principle, not attributed to the grammar.