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早产儿常见脑损伤主要为脑室周围-脑室内出血(PVH-IVH)和脑室周围白质软化(PVL),与早产儿中枢神经系统的解剖生理学和神经生物学发育不成熟密切相关。前者为出血性病变,常导致脑室内出血后脑积水和脑室周围出血性髓静脉梗死等严重并发症。后者为缺血性病变,也与宫内感染有关。其中局部 PVL 的病理特征是白质少突胶质细胞前体的急性坏死,在后期可形成多发小囊腔。弥漫性 PVL 又称为弥漫性白质损伤,其病理特征是白质少突胶质细胞前体的凋亡性死亡,少见出现囊腔改变。局部和弥漫性 PVL 最终均导致脑白质容量减小和髓鞘化受损。PVH-IVH 和 PVL
Common brain injury in preterm infants is mainly periventricular-intracerebral hemorrhage (PVH-IVH) and periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), which are closely related to the anatomy and physiology and neurobiological immature development of the central nervous system in preterm infants. The former is a hemorrhagic disease, often leading to intraventricular hemorrhage after hydrocephalus and periventricular hemorrhagic myeloma infarction and other serious complications. The latter for ischemic lesions, but also with intrauterine infection. The pathological features of PVL are the acute necrosis of white matter oligodendrocyte precursors, which can form multiple small cysts in the later stage. Diffuse PVL, also known as diffuse white matter damage, the pathological features of apoptotic death of white matter oligodendrocyte precursors, rare cyst changes. Both local and diffuse PVL ultimately result in reduced white matter volume and myelinated lesions. PVH-IVH and PVL