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一、母语干扰型
许多同学在进行英语写作时,很容易受汉语的影响而写错句子,即写出所谓的Chinlish。这是最常见的错误之一。如:
1. 我的工作太忙,我不能来。
误:My work is too busy and I can’t come.
正:I’m too busy and I can’t come.
析:汉语说“工作忙”,实际上是指“人忙”。类似地,要表达汉语中的“我的事情很忙”,英语只需说I’m busy就够了,而不能说成My things are busy.
2. 他身体很好,很少生病。
误:His body is good / healthy,and seldom falls ill.
正:He’s healthy,and seldom falls ill.
析:汉语说“身体好”,其实是指某人的健康处于一种良好的状态,而绝不是指他的躯体是完好的。
3. 我讨厌周末拥挤的交通。
误:I hate the crowded traffic on weekends.
正:I hate the busy / heavy traffic on weekends.
析:汉语可说“拥挤的交通、街道、房间、商店等”,而英语中虽然可说crowded streets / rooms,shops等,但习惯上不说crowded traffic。
二、成分残缺型
许多同学在进行英语写作时,通常不考虑句子的完整性而写出一些成分残缺的句子。如:
1. 英语很有趣,我的确很喜欢。
误:English is very interesting,and I really like very much.
正:English is very interesting,and I really like it very much.
析:like 是及物动词,其后通常应有宾语。
2. 别怕,我们会帮你的。
误:Don’t afraid; we’ll help you.
正:Don’t be afraid; we’ll help you.
析:误句谓语不完整,因为 afraid 是形容词,不是动词,不能单独作谓语,必须和连系动词一起构成谓语。当然,若说成Don’t fear,则完全可以。
3. 他考试及格了让他妈妈很高兴。
误:He passed the exam made his mother very happy.
正:That he passed the exam made his mother very happy.
正:He passed the exam,which made his mother very happy.
析:误句中有两个谓语动词,但只有一个主语,所以不正确。that引导主语从句,不充当句子成分,无实际意义,但不能省略。同时,也可以用非限制性定语从句来表示。
三、想当然型
有的同学在写作时,常将一些似是而非的东西想当然乱用,不注意语言的准确性和地道性。如:
1. 我说两个小时的时候,那是包括了吃饭的时间。
误:When I say two hours,which includes the time for eating.
正:When I say two hours,that includes the time for eating.
析:许多同学往往想当然地认为在逗号后面总是用 which 引导定语从句,而不用that。其实,本句中的that includes the time for eating不是定语从句,而是主句(that 用作主句主语),其前的when I say two hours 为状语从句。
2. 你应该更注意练习你的英语口语。
误:You should pay more attention to practise your spoken English.
正:You should pay more attention to practising your spoken English.
析:有的同学认为to后总是接动词原形,构成不定式。其实,此句中的to不是不定式符号,而是介词,所以其后要用动名词。
四、思维定势型
有的同学不能灵活地运用所学知识进行表达,而是凭印象观念,结果写错句子。如:
1. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。
误:I’ll never forget the days when we spent together.
正:I’ll never forget the days which / that we spent together.
析:有的同学记住了定语从句的规则,当先行词指时间时,关系词用when,而没去考虑它在定语从句中做什么成分。此句中的spent是及物动词,应由which或that替代the days作它的宾语。
2. 他从上周星期二开始就一直病着。
误:He has been ill from last Tuesday.
正:He has been ill since last Tuesday.
析:有的同学认为“从……”一定是译为from,如“从7点到9点”说成英语是from 7 to 9,“从家到学校”说成英语是from home to school。注意,与现在完成时连用时要用since。
3. 他把雨伞忘在火车上了。
误:He has forgot his umbrella on the train.
正:He has left his umbrella on the train.
析:“遗忘”译为forget或leave,但两者有区别:leave多与表示场所的地点状语连用,而forget通常不与表场所的地点状语连用。外出时把东西忘记在家里的时候通常用forget。如“我忘了带驾驶证”应译为:I’ve forgot the driver’s license.
五、结构误配型
有的同学在写作时,常常把一些固定词组、习惯用语和固定句型错误搭配,结果写出来的句子让人看不懂。
1. 你愿意帮我忙吗?
误:Will you give me a favour?
正:Will you do me a favour?
析:“帮某人一个忙”“给某人恩惠”应是do sb a favour。
2. 你认为工程师的演讲怎么样?
误:How do you think of the speech made by the engineer?
正:What do you think of the speech made by the engineer?
析:本句的错误在于有的同学对what...think of的结构概念模糊,再加上母语的干扰而造成的。what在这一结构中作think of的宾语。What do you think of...?还可以说成How do you like...? How在句子中是疑问副词,作状语。
六、句型混乱型
有的同学对句型掌握不牢固,对相似句型分析不透彻,用起来易于混淆,造成错句。
1. 他不可能通过考试。
误:It is impossible of him to pass the exam.
正:It is impossible for him to pass the exam.
析:这是一个没有区别清楚It is adj. of sb. to do sth.与It is adj. for sb. to do sth. 两种句型的典型错误。如果句中的形容词与某人之间存在逻辑关系时,用of以说明其本身所具有的特点。如:It is very kind of you to say so.(可以说:You are very kind.);如果句中的形容词与某人之间不存在逻辑关系则使用for。如:It is important for us to learn English well.(不能说:We are important to learn English well.)
2. 他表示希望再到中国来访问。
误:He expressed the hope which he would come over to visit China again.
正:He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
析:误句是把同位语从句和定语从句混用。在同位语从句中,连词that不做句子成分,也无实际意义,只是用来引导同位语从句说明主句的内容。在定语从句中,that或which一方面替代先行词,另一方面引导从句,而且必须在定语从句中充当主语或宾语等成分。
七、规则硬套型
1. 站在门口的那个人是谁?
误:Who is the man who was standing at the door?
正:Who is the man that was standing at the door?
析:当先行词指人时,引导定语从句的关系代词用who或that。有的同学套用这个规则,结果写出误句。当主句中有who,which以及指示代词that,those时,后面定语从句中的关系代词应避免与主句同形。因此,本句中引导定语从句的关系代词应为that。
2. 那个老师的课枯燥无味,是不是?
误:The teacher’s class was uninteresting,was it?
正:The teacher’s class was uninteresting,wasn’t it?
正:The teacher’s class was not interesting,was it?
析:在反意疑问句中,如果陈述部分用肯定,疑问部分就用否定,反之,前否定后肯定。这里的肯定和否定是指结构上而不是意义上。如果陈述部分带有un-,im-,dis-等前缀构成的派生词,该陈述句仍作肯定处理,疑问部分就用否定形式。
八、否定模糊型
有的同学对于否定的概念很模糊,不知如何否定,有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。如:
1. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。
误:The child is not old enough not to go to school.
正:The child is not old enough to go to school.
正:The child is too young to go to school.
析:这是同学们最容易写错的句子。enough to do sth的意思是“足可以做某事”,not enough to do sth的意思是“不够……不能做某事”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”,故应译为not old enough to go to school。
2. 他们两个都不说英语。
误:Both of them don’t speak English.
正:Neither of them speaks English.
析:许多同学常将all...not和both...not理解为完全否定,其实它们通常构成部分否定。要表示相应的完全否定可用none(用于两者)或neither(用于三者)。
九、助词遗漏型
有的同学对于某些句子结构不明了,写出来的句子会不符合句子结构或语法逻辑。
1. 他们渴望知道中国的所有事情,并问了我很多问题。
误:They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.
正:They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.
析:eager是形容词,形容词不能单独作谓语,应该与连系动词一起构成“系 表”结构。
2. 不经允许任何人不能进来。
误:No one can come in without permitted.
正:No one can come in without being permitted.
析:介词without后应用动名词,根据句义应用动名词的被动结构,即being 动词的过去分词。
十、逐字翻译型
有的同学在写作时,不考虑任何的语法规则,也不顾及任何语言环境,只是靠汉语的字面意思逐字翻译。如:
1. 你比较喜欢什么,足球还是篮球?
误:Do you like better what,basketball or football?
正:Which do you like better,basketball or football?
析:首先,特殊疑问句应该把特殊疑问词放在句首。what和which都可作疑问代词。但what是指不知内容的“什么”,而which是指“哪一个”,一般要有两项或两项以上供选择的事物。根据句子的补充信息basketball or football可以判断,疑问词应用which。
2. 老板说窗户还没有修好。
误:The boss said the window had not repaired yet.
正:The boss said the window had not been repaired yet.
析:宾语从句的谓语动词应该用被动语态,window在句子中是动词repair的对象,是它的逻辑宾语。
3. 每天起床后,我先自己穿衣服,然后再给弟弟穿衣。
误:After I get up,I dress myself,then I dress coat for my brother every day.
正:After I get up,I dress myself,then I dress my brother every day.
析:dress“给……穿衣”,其后接人作宾语,不能接衣服作宾语。如果按字面翻译,就会译出误句中的dress coat。
(编辑 陈根花)
许多同学在进行英语写作时,很容易受汉语的影响而写错句子,即写出所谓的Chinlish。这是最常见的错误之一。如:
1. 我的工作太忙,我不能来。
误:My work is too busy and I can’t come.
正:I’m too busy and I can’t come.
析:汉语说“工作忙”,实际上是指“人忙”。类似地,要表达汉语中的“我的事情很忙”,英语只需说I’m busy就够了,而不能说成My things are busy.
2. 他身体很好,很少生病。
误:His body is good / healthy,and seldom falls ill.
正:He’s healthy,and seldom falls ill.
析:汉语说“身体好”,其实是指某人的健康处于一种良好的状态,而绝不是指他的躯体是完好的。
3. 我讨厌周末拥挤的交通。
误:I hate the crowded traffic on weekends.
正:I hate the busy / heavy traffic on weekends.
析:汉语可说“拥挤的交通、街道、房间、商店等”,而英语中虽然可说crowded streets / rooms,shops等,但习惯上不说crowded traffic。
二、成分残缺型
许多同学在进行英语写作时,通常不考虑句子的完整性而写出一些成分残缺的句子。如:
1. 英语很有趣,我的确很喜欢。
误:English is very interesting,and I really like very much.
正:English is very interesting,and I really like it very much.
析:like 是及物动词,其后通常应有宾语。
2. 别怕,我们会帮你的。
误:Don’t afraid; we’ll help you.
正:Don’t be afraid; we’ll help you.
析:误句谓语不完整,因为 afraid 是形容词,不是动词,不能单独作谓语,必须和连系动词一起构成谓语。当然,若说成Don’t fear,则完全可以。
3. 他考试及格了让他妈妈很高兴。
误:He passed the exam made his mother very happy.
正:That he passed the exam made his mother very happy.
正:He passed the exam,which made his mother very happy.
析:误句中有两个谓语动词,但只有一个主语,所以不正确。that引导主语从句,不充当句子成分,无实际意义,但不能省略。同时,也可以用非限制性定语从句来表示。
三、想当然型
有的同学在写作时,常将一些似是而非的东西想当然乱用,不注意语言的准确性和地道性。如:
1. 我说两个小时的时候,那是包括了吃饭的时间。
误:When I say two hours,which includes the time for eating.
正:When I say two hours,that includes the time for eating.
析:许多同学往往想当然地认为在逗号后面总是用 which 引导定语从句,而不用that。其实,本句中的that includes the time for eating不是定语从句,而是主句(that 用作主句主语),其前的when I say two hours 为状语从句。
2. 你应该更注意练习你的英语口语。
误:You should pay more attention to practise your spoken English.
正:You should pay more attention to practising your spoken English.
析:有的同学认为to后总是接动词原形,构成不定式。其实,此句中的to不是不定式符号,而是介词,所以其后要用动名词。
四、思维定势型
有的同学不能灵活地运用所学知识进行表达,而是凭印象观念,结果写错句子。如:
1. 我永远不会忘记我们一起度过的日子。
误:I’ll never forget the days when we spent together.
正:I’ll never forget the days which / that we spent together.
析:有的同学记住了定语从句的规则,当先行词指时间时,关系词用when,而没去考虑它在定语从句中做什么成分。此句中的spent是及物动词,应由which或that替代the days作它的宾语。
2. 他从上周星期二开始就一直病着。
误:He has been ill from last Tuesday.
正:He has been ill since last Tuesday.
析:有的同学认为“从……”一定是译为from,如“从7点到9点”说成英语是from 7 to 9,“从家到学校”说成英语是from home to school。注意,与现在完成时连用时要用since。
3. 他把雨伞忘在火车上了。
误:He has forgot his umbrella on the train.
正:He has left his umbrella on the train.
析:“遗忘”译为forget或leave,但两者有区别:leave多与表示场所的地点状语连用,而forget通常不与表场所的地点状语连用。外出时把东西忘记在家里的时候通常用forget。如“我忘了带驾驶证”应译为:I’ve forgot the driver’s license.
五、结构误配型
有的同学在写作时,常常把一些固定词组、习惯用语和固定句型错误搭配,结果写出来的句子让人看不懂。
1. 你愿意帮我忙吗?
误:Will you give me a favour?
正:Will you do me a favour?
析:“帮某人一个忙”“给某人恩惠”应是do sb a favour。
2. 你认为工程师的演讲怎么样?
误:How do you think of the speech made by the engineer?
正:What do you think of the speech made by the engineer?
析:本句的错误在于有的同学对what...think of的结构概念模糊,再加上母语的干扰而造成的。what在这一结构中作think of的宾语。What do you think of...?还可以说成How do you like...? How在句子中是疑问副词,作状语。
六、句型混乱型
有的同学对句型掌握不牢固,对相似句型分析不透彻,用起来易于混淆,造成错句。
1. 他不可能通过考试。
误:It is impossible of him to pass the exam.
正:It is impossible for him to pass the exam.
析:这是一个没有区别清楚It is adj. of sb. to do sth.与It is adj. for sb. to do sth. 两种句型的典型错误。如果句中的形容词与某人之间存在逻辑关系时,用of以说明其本身所具有的特点。如:It is very kind of you to say so.(可以说:You are very kind.);如果句中的形容词与某人之间不存在逻辑关系则使用for。如:It is important for us to learn English well.(不能说:We are important to learn English well.)
2. 他表示希望再到中国来访问。
误:He expressed the hope which he would come over to visit China again.
正:He expressed the hope that he would come over to visit China again.
析:误句是把同位语从句和定语从句混用。在同位语从句中,连词that不做句子成分,也无实际意义,只是用来引导同位语从句说明主句的内容。在定语从句中,that或which一方面替代先行词,另一方面引导从句,而且必须在定语从句中充当主语或宾语等成分。
七、规则硬套型
1. 站在门口的那个人是谁?
误:Who is the man who was standing at the door?
正:Who is the man that was standing at the door?
析:当先行词指人时,引导定语从句的关系代词用who或that。有的同学套用这个规则,结果写出误句。当主句中有who,which以及指示代词that,those时,后面定语从句中的关系代词应避免与主句同形。因此,本句中引导定语从句的关系代词应为that。
2. 那个老师的课枯燥无味,是不是?
误:The teacher’s class was uninteresting,was it?
正:The teacher’s class was uninteresting,wasn’t it?
正:The teacher’s class was not interesting,was it?
析:在反意疑问句中,如果陈述部分用肯定,疑问部分就用否定,反之,前否定后肯定。这里的肯定和否定是指结构上而不是意义上。如果陈述部分带有un-,im-,dis-等前缀构成的派生词,该陈述句仍作肯定处理,疑问部分就用否定形式。
八、否定模糊型
有的同学对于否定的概念很模糊,不知如何否定,有时会写出不合规则或有异义的句子。如:
1. 那孩子不够大不能去上学。
误:The child is not old enough not to go to school.
正:The child is not old enough to go to school.
正:The child is too young to go to school.
析:这是同学们最容易写错的句子。enough to do sth的意思是“足可以做某事”,not enough to do sth的意思是“不够……不能做某事”。原句中“不够大不能去上学”意思是“不够上学的年龄”,故应译为not old enough to go to school。
2. 他们两个都不说英语。
误:Both of them don’t speak English.
正:Neither of them speaks English.
析:许多同学常将all...not和both...not理解为完全否定,其实它们通常构成部分否定。要表示相应的完全否定可用none(用于两者)或neither(用于三者)。
九、助词遗漏型
有的同学对于某些句子结构不明了,写出来的句子会不符合句子结构或语法逻辑。
1. 他们渴望知道中国的所有事情,并问了我很多问题。
误:They eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.
正:They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.
析:eager是形容词,形容词不能单独作谓语,应该与连系动词一起构成“系 表”结构。
2. 不经允许任何人不能进来。
误:No one can come in without permitted.
正:No one can come in without being permitted.
析:介词without后应用动名词,根据句义应用动名词的被动结构,即being 动词的过去分词。
十、逐字翻译型
有的同学在写作时,不考虑任何的语法规则,也不顾及任何语言环境,只是靠汉语的字面意思逐字翻译。如:
1. 你比较喜欢什么,足球还是篮球?
误:Do you like better what,basketball or football?
正:Which do you like better,basketball or football?
析:首先,特殊疑问句应该把特殊疑问词放在句首。what和which都可作疑问代词。但what是指不知内容的“什么”,而which是指“哪一个”,一般要有两项或两项以上供选择的事物。根据句子的补充信息basketball or football可以判断,疑问词应用which。
2. 老板说窗户还没有修好。
误:The boss said the window had not repaired yet.
正:The boss said the window had not been repaired yet.
析:宾语从句的谓语动词应该用被动语态,window在句子中是动词repair的对象,是它的逻辑宾语。
3. 每天起床后,我先自己穿衣服,然后再给弟弟穿衣。
误:After I get up,I dress myself,then I dress coat for my brother every day.
正:After I get up,I dress myself,then I dress my brother every day.
析:dress“给……穿衣”,其后接人作宾语,不能接衣服作宾语。如果按字面翻译,就会译出误句中的dress coat。
(编辑 陈根花)