In the electroslag remelting process, the electrode molten state is a critical factor determining the ingot quality, while the electrode immersion depth and melting rate are key factors for the stability of the electroslag re-melting process. Studies were carried out to investigate the microscopic and macroscopic effects of electrode immersion depth and melting rate on the potential distribution and heat density in the slag bath, and on the depth and shape of the molten bath. Based on the finite element method and the numerical solution method, the effect of the electrode immersion depth on the slag bath heat density was researched; the relationship between the electrode immersion depth and the slag resistance was obtained; and the unsteady-state model of the solidification process of the re-melting ingot was solved using the finite difference method. The mathematical model and physical model of the electrode melting process were established and solved; and the corresponding curves between the electrode molten-state and slag-bath physical parameters were obtained. The experimental results verified the simulated results studied in this paper. In the electroslag remelting process, the electrode molten state is a critical factor determining the ingot quality, while the electrode immersion depth and melting rate are key factors for the stability of the electroslag re-melting process. macroscopic effects of electrode immersion depth and melting rate on the potential distribution and heat density in the slag bath, and on the depth and shape of the molten bath. Based on the finite element method and the numerical solution method, the effect of the electrode immersion depth on the slag bath heat density was researched; the relationship between the electrode immersion depth and the slag resistance was obtained; and the unsteady-state model of the solidification process of the re-melting ingot was solved using the finite difference method. The mathematical model and physical model of the electrode melting process were established and solved; and the corresponding curves bet ween the electrode molten-state and slag-bath physical parameters were obtained. The experimental results verified the simulated results studied in this paper.