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定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、动词不定式及介词短语等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。在复合句中作定语的句子称作定语从句。定语从句用来修饰名词、代词或整个主句。
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。（修饰代词He）
Neil Armstrong is the first man that walked on the moon.
阿姆斯特朗是第一个在月球上行走的人。（修饰名词man）
【考点解读】
一、 先行词和关系词的含义与作用
1. 先行词
在复合句中被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。之所以称其为先行词，是因为修饰它的定语从句都是放在它后面，先行词总是出现在定语从句之前。
The boy who is playing ping- pong is my classmate.
正在打乒乓球的男孩是我的同学。（The boy为先行词）
I hate people that talk much but do little.
我讨厌说得多做得少的人。（people为先行词）
2. 关系词
引导定语从句的词被称作关系词。根据关系词在定语从句中的作用可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，有that, which, who, whom, whose；关系副词在定语从句中作状语，有where, when, why。
The man whose hair is white is his grandfather. 那个白头发的人是他的爷爷。
We must find a place where we can sleep tonight. 我们必须找一个今晚能睡觉的地方。
3. 关系词的作用
关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中担当一个成分。
关系词可以连接主句与从句，起引导定语从句的作用。关系词在从句内代替先行词（与先行词有一定的对应关系），同时在从句中充当一个成份，如作主语、宾语（可省略），定语，状语，表语。
The girl whom you are looking for is in the classroom.
（关系词whom在该句中引出定语从句whom you are looking for, 并在定语从句中充当look for的宾语。whom指的就是先行词the girl。）
Is there a student whose father is a business man？ （关系词whose作定语，修饰father）
This is the museum that you visited a few days ago？（关系词that作visited的宾语）
She decided to be the writer that her mother wanted her to be.
（that指的就是the writer, 在从句中充当to be的表语，可以省略。）
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held？
（where在定语从句where the exhibition was held中作状语，表示the exhibition was held in the museum. ）
二、 关系代词的选用
1.who的用法
who指人，在从句中作主语或代替whom作宾语。
Do you know the girl who is standing there？ 你认识那个站在那儿的女孩吗？
（关系代词who在从句中充当主语，指the girl）
Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
2. whom的用法
whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
Mr. Lin is just the man （whom） I want to see.林先生就是我想要见的人。
（whom指代the man, 在从句中作see的宾语）
The man （whom） Mr Wu is talking to is my father.正在和吴老师谈话的那个男子是我爸爸。（whom指the man, 在从句中作talk to的宾语）
3. which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是多数男孩喜欢的游戏。
（which指代game, 在从句里做is liked的主语）
The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.
（which指代the book, 在从句中充当bought的宾语，可以省略）
4. that的用法
that既可以指人，又可以指物，指人时，相当于who或者whom; 指物时，相当于which. 在宾语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
Where is the man that/who/whom I saw this morning？
我今天早上见到的那个人呢？ （指人，作宾语，可省略）
I always remember the stories （which/that） my mother told me during my childhood.
我总是记得小时候妈妈给我讲的故事。 （指物，作宾语，可省略）
5. whose的用法
whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有个朋友的父亲是医生。
I lived in a room whose / of which windows face south. 我住在一个窗户朝南的房子里。
三、 关系副词的选用
关系副词通常可转换成“介词 + 关系代词”的形式
1. when的用法
when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when （on which） I first came to the school.
我仍然记得我第一次来到学校的那一天。
I’ll never forget the days when （during which） I worked in France.
我永远也不会忘记我在法国工作的那段日子。
2. where的用法
where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Beijing is the city where （in which） I was born.上海是我出生的城市。
The house where （in which） I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
我十年前住的房子已经被拆了。
3. why的用法
why指原因，修饰名词reason, 在定语从句中作原因状语。
That’s the reason why （for which） she was late. 那就是她迟到的原因。
四、 定语从句应注意的要点
1. 只能用that不用which的情形
that和which引导定语从句时都可以指物，在从句中都可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略，经常可以互换，但要注意在以下情况下不用which.
（1） 当先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing, anything, none等时
She dislikes everything that is old. 一切旧的东西她都不喜欢。
There is nothing that can prevent him from finishing the work.
没有什么事情能阻止他去完成这项工作。
（2） 当先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, the very, the only等修饰时。
I have readall the books that you gave me. 我已经读完了你给我的所有的书。
Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
（3） 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词、形容词最高级时。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。（先行词film有形容词最高级best修饰）
The last place that they visited in Guilin is Trunk Hill.
他们在桂林参观的最后一个地方是象鼻山。（先行词place有序数词last修饰）
（4）当先行词既有人，又有物时。
Can you see the man and the dog that are walking across the road？
你能看见那个正在过马路的男子和那只狗吗？
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about？
你知道他们谈论的那些人和事吗？
（5）主句是以which和who开头的特殊疑问句，定语从句必须用that。
Which is the T-shirt thatfits me most？ 最适合我的T恤衫是哪一件？
Who is the boy that is playing football？正在踢球的那个男孩是谁？
2. 当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是复数应由先行词决定。
This is the girl who wants to see you. 就是这个女孩想见你。
The children who come from Japan are playing happily.
来自日本的孩子们正开心地玩着。
3. 如果定语从句修饰的地点或时间名词在从句中作主语或宾语，这时要用关系代词
which或that, 而不用关系副词where或when。
This is a place which I’ve longed to visit. 这是我一直渴望参观的地方。
（因先行词a place作visit的宾语，所以用which而不用where.）
Do you remember the years that we spent in the countryside？
你记得我们一起在农村度过的那几年吗？
（因先行词the years作spent的宾语，所以用that, 而不用when.）
【典型例题】
1. （2010镇江）The girl________won the gold medal comes from Beijing Sunshine Secondary School.
A. who B. which
C. what D. whom
解析 因为先行词（the girl）是人，所以引导词可以是who或whom，但关系代词在定语从句中作主语，因此不可用whom，故答案为A。
2. （2011广西桂林）The basketball________I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan.
A. that B. where
C. who D. when
解析 先行词（the basketball）是物，所以引导词可以是that和which，故答案为A。
3. （2011扬州）One of the most interesting places in Yangzhou________are often visited by foreigners is the West Slender Lake.
A. what B. who
C. that D. /
解析 先行词（the interesting places）是物，the most interesting是形容词最高级，并且在从句里做are visited的主语，所以选C。
4. （2011哈尔滨） “Get new knowledge by reviewing the old” is a famous saying by Confucius （孔子）. He was a great thinker________words still have a great effect on millions of people around the world today.
A. who
B. who’s
C. whose
解析 此题中要填入的关系词在从句中修饰名词words, 作定语，故答案为C。
5. （2011湖南岳阳）I can’t forget the time________the earthquake happened in Yushu.
A. when
B. which
C. where
解析 该题考查关系副词的选择，先行词the time表示时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，所以选A。
6. （2009福建）It’s helpful to put children in a situation________they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when
C. which D. where
解析 该题考查关系副词的选择，先行词a situation表示地点，要选择的关系词在从句中作地点状语，故选D。
7. （2009 河北）Sorry, we don’t have the coat________you need.
A. what B. who
C. whom D. which
解析 先行词the coat是物，在从句中作need的宾语，what不能引导定语从句，故选D。
8. （2008河南）Shaolin Temple________lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad.
A. where B. which
C. who D. what
解析 先行词Shaolin Temple指物，地点，在从句中作lies的主语而不是地点状语，故排除A，选B。
【巩固练习】
1. This is the place________I have ever visited.
A. there B. when
C. where D. which
2. The girl________father is a teacher studies very hard.
A. who B. who’s
C. which D. whose
3. Is this museum________you visited a few days age？
A. where B. that
C. on which D. the one
4. Is this the museum________the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that
C. on which D. the one
5. Is this the factory________you visited the other day？
A. that B. where
C. in which D. the one
6. He has forgotten the day________he arrived.
A. when B. where
C. that D. which
7. He still remembers the days________he spent with your family.
A. when B. where
C. / D. on which
8. Those people________the fans of Mo WenWei will have a good chance to meet her in Nanjing next week.
A. who are B. who is
C. are D. is
9. This is the hospital .
A. I was born in it
B. which I was born in
C. which my father works
D. which my grandfather often goes
10. The book________isn’t in the library.
A. what I need
B. thatI need it
C. which I need it
D. I need
11. Do you know the man ？
A. whom I spoke
B. to who spoke
C. I spoke to
D. that I spoke
12. This is the hotel________last month.
A. which they stayed
B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at
D. where they stayed
13. Have you read the book________is about the moon？（2011年· 清远）
A. what B. it
C. / D. which
14. The policeman caught the thief________has stolen Mr. Li’s computer. （2011年· 广西百色）
A. which B. whose
C. whom D. who
15. Tony, tell me the result of the discussion________you had with your dad yesterday.（2011 年·河南省）
A. what B. which
C. when D. who
16. This is the camera________my uncle gave me for my birthday. （2011 年·黑龙江绥化市）
A. which
B. who
C. what
17. —Is there anyone here________name isBetty？
—Sorry, I don’t know. （2011年· 呼和浩特）
A. who B. which
C. whom D. whose
18.—Where did you go last week？ （2011年· 四川达州）
—I went to Zhang Aiping’s hometown and visited the house________he was born in.
A. that B. there
C. who D. whose
19. John is the boy________legs were badly hurt in the accident.（2011年· 天津）
A. whose B. that
C. who D. which
20. We don’t like people________talk too much but never do anything. （2011年· 乌鲁木齐）
A. whose B. who
C. when D. which
21. My grandparents like to live in a house________is not very big but bright and comfortable. （2011年· 广西南宁市）
A. that B. who
C. what D. whose
22. Friends are those________make you smile, always open their hearts to you and encourage you to succeed. （2010年· 河南省）
A. which B. what
C. whom D. who
23. I began to work in Shanghai in the year________HongKong was returned China. （2010年· 湖北省）
A. that B. which
C. where D. when
24. This is the school________I studied three years ago. （2010年· 山东省）
A. where B. when
C. that D. which
答案 1. D 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. D 24. A
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
不到长城非好汉。（修饰代词He）
Neil Armstrong is the first man that walked on the moon.
阿姆斯特朗是第一个在月球上行走的人。（修饰名词man）
【考点解读】
一、 先行词和关系词的含义与作用
1. 先行词
在复合句中被定语从句修饰的名词或代词称为先行词。之所以称其为先行词，是因为修饰它的定语从句都是放在它后面，先行词总是出现在定语从句之前。
The boy who is playing ping- pong is my classmate.
正在打乒乓球的男孩是我的同学。（The boy为先行词）
I hate people that talk much but do little.
我讨厌说得多做得少的人。（people为先行词）
2. 关系词
引导定语从句的词被称作关系词。根据关系词在定语从句中的作用可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、表语、定语等，有that, which, who, whom, whose；关系副词在定语从句中作状语，有where, when, why。
The man whose hair is white is his grandfather. 那个白头发的人是他的爷爷。
We must find a place where we can sleep tonight. 我们必须找一个今晚能睡觉的地方。
3. 关系词的作用
关系词常有三个作用：引导定语从句；代替先行词；在定语从句中担当一个成分。
关系词可以连接主句与从句，起引导定语从句的作用。关系词在从句内代替先行词（与先行词有一定的对应关系），同时在从句中充当一个成份，如作主语、宾语（可省略），定语，状语，表语。
The girl whom you are looking for is in the classroom.
（关系词whom在该句中引出定语从句whom you are looking for, 并在定语从句中充当look for的宾语。whom指的就是先行词the girl。）
Is there a student whose father is a business man？ （关系词whose作定语，修饰father）
This is the museum that you visited a few days ago？（关系词that作visited的宾语）
She decided to be the writer that her mother wanted her to be.
（that指的就是the writer, 在从句中充当to be的表语，可以省略。）
Is this the museum where the exhibition was held？
（where在定语从句where the exhibition was held中作状语，表示the exhibition was held in the museum. ）
二、 关系代词的选用
1.who的用法
who指人，在从句中作主语或代替whom作宾语。
Do you know the girl who is standing there？ 你认识那个站在那儿的女孩吗？
（关系代词who在从句中充当主语，指the girl）
Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。
2. whom的用法
whom指人，在定语从句中充当宾语，常可省略。
Mr. Lin is just the man （whom） I want to see.林先生就是我想要见的人。
（whom指代the man, 在从句中作see的宾语）
The man （whom） Mr Wu is talking to is my father.正在和吴老师谈话的那个男子是我爸爸。（whom指the man, 在从句中作talk to的宾语）
3. which的用法
which指物，在定语从句中作主语或者宾语，作宾语时可省略。
Football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是多数男孩喜欢的游戏。
（which指代game, 在从句里做is liked的主语）
The book which I bought yesterday is very interesting.
（which指代the book, 在从句中充当bought的宾语，可以省略）
4. that的用法
that既可以指人，又可以指物，指人时，相当于who或者whom; 指物时，相当于which. 在宾语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时可省略。
Where is the man that/who/whom I saw this morning？
我今天早上见到的那个人呢？ （指人，作宾语，可省略）
I always remember the stories （which/that） my mother told me during my childhood.
我总是记得小时候妈妈给我讲的故事。 （指物，作宾语，可省略）
5. whose的用法
whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作定语。
He has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有个朋友的父亲是医生。
I lived in a room whose / of which windows face south. 我住在一个窗户朝南的房子里。
三、 关系副词的选用
关系副词通常可转换成“介词 + 关系代词”的形式
1. when的用法
when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。
I still remember the day when （on which） I first came to the school.
我仍然记得我第一次来到学校的那一天。
I’ll never forget the days when （during which） I worked in France.
我永远也不会忘记我在法国工作的那段日子。
2. where的用法
where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。
Beijing is the city where （in which） I was born.上海是我出生的城市。
The house where （in which） I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
我十年前住的房子已经被拆了。
3. why的用法
why指原因，修饰名词reason, 在定语从句中作原因状语。
That’s the reason why （for which） she was late. 那就是她迟到的原因。
四、 定语从句应注意的要点
1. 只能用that不用which的情形
that和which引导定语从句时都可以指物，在从句中都可作主语或宾语，作宾语时可以省略，经常可以互换，但要注意在以下情况下不用which.
（1） 当先行词是不定代词all, few, little, much, everything, nothing, anything, none等时
She dislikes everything that is old. 一切旧的东西她都不喜欢。
There is nothing that can prevent him from finishing the work.
没有什么事情能阻止他去完成这项工作。
（2） 当先行词被all, any, every, each, few, little, no, some, the very, the only等修饰时。
I have readall the books that you gave me. 我已经读完了你给我的所有的书。
Mr. Smith is the only foreigner that he knows.史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
（3） 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰，或先行词本身就是序数词、形容词最高级时。
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。（先行词film有形容词最高级best修饰）
The last place that they visited in Guilin is Trunk Hill.
他们在桂林参观的最后一个地方是象鼻山。（先行词place有序数词last修饰）
（4）当先行词既有人，又有物时。
Can you see the man and the dog that are walking across the road？
你能看见那个正在过马路的男子和那只狗吗？
Do you know the things and persons that they are talking about？
你知道他们谈论的那些人和事吗？
（5）主句是以which和who开头的特殊疑问句，定语从句必须用that。
Which is the T-shirt thatfits me most？ 最适合我的T恤衫是哪一件？
Who is the boy that is playing football？正在踢球的那个男孩是谁？
2. 当关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是复数应由先行词决定。
This is the girl who wants to see you. 就是这个女孩想见你。
The children who come from Japan are playing happily.
来自日本的孩子们正开心地玩着。
3. 如果定语从句修饰的地点或时间名词在从句中作主语或宾语，这时要用关系代词
which或that, 而不用关系副词where或when。
This is a place which I’ve longed to visit. 这是我一直渴望参观的地方。
（因先行词a place作visit的宾语，所以用which而不用where.）
Do you remember the years that we spent in the countryside？
你记得我们一起在农村度过的那几年吗？
（因先行词the years作spent的宾语，所以用that, 而不用when.）
【典型例题】
1. （2010镇江）The girl________won the gold medal comes from Beijing Sunshine Secondary School.
A. who B. which
C. what D. whom
解析 因为先行词（the girl）是人，所以引导词可以是who或whom，但关系代词在定语从句中作主语，因此不可用whom，故答案为A。
2. （2011广西桂林）The basketball________I bought yesterday cost me 80 yuan.
A. that B. where
C. who D. when
解析 先行词（the basketball）是物，所以引导词可以是that和which，故答案为A。
3. （2011扬州）One of the most interesting places in Yangzhou________are often visited by foreigners is the West Slender Lake.
A. what B. who
C. that D. /
解析 先行词（the interesting places）是物，the most interesting是形容词最高级，并且在从句里做are visited的主语，所以选C。
4. （2011哈尔滨） “Get new knowledge by reviewing the old” is a famous saying by Confucius （孔子）. He was a great thinker________words still have a great effect on millions of people around the world today.
A. who
B. who’s
C. whose
解析 此题中要填入的关系词在从句中修饰名词words, 作定语，故答案为C。
5. （2011湖南岳阳）I can’t forget the time________the earthquake happened in Yushu.
A. when
B. which
C. where
解析 该题考查关系副词的选择，先行词the time表示时间，关系词在从句中作时间状语，所以选A。
6. （2009福建）It’s helpful to put children in a situation________they can see themselves differently.
A. that B. when
C. which D. where
解析 该题考查关系副词的选择，先行词a situation表示地点，要选择的关系词在从句中作地点状语，故选D。
7. （2009 河北）Sorry, we don’t have the coat________you need.
A. what B. who
C. whom D. which
解析 先行词the coat是物，在从句中作need的宾语，what不能引导定语从句，故选D。
8. （2008河南）Shaolin Temple________lies in the west of Zhengzhou welcomes the visitors both at home and abroad.
A. where B. which
C. who D. what
解析 先行词Shaolin Temple指物，地点，在从句中作lies的主语而不是地点状语，故排除A，选B。
【巩固练习】
1. This is the place________I have ever visited.
A. there B. when
C. where D. which
2. The girl________father is a teacher studies very hard.
A. who B. who’s
C. which D. whose
3. Is this museum________you visited a few days age？
A. where B. that
C. on which D. the one
4. Is this the museum________the exhibition was held.
A. where B. that
C. on which D. the one
5. Is this the factory________you visited the other day？
A. that B. where
C. in which D. the one
6. He has forgotten the day________he arrived.
A. when B. where
C. that D. which
7. He still remembers the days________he spent with your family.
A. when B. where
C. / D. on which
8. Those people________the fans of Mo WenWei will have a good chance to meet her in Nanjing next week.
A. who are B. who is
C. are D. is
9. This is the hospital .
A. I was born in it
B. which I was born in
C. which my father works
D. which my grandfather often goes
10. The book________isn’t in the library.
A. what I need
B. thatI need it
C. which I need it
D. I need
11. Do you know the man ？
A. whom I spoke
B. to who spoke
C. I spoke to
D. that I spoke
12. This is the hotel________last month.
A. which they stayed
B. at that they stayed
C. where they stayed at
D. where they stayed
13. Have you read the book________is about the moon？（2011年· 清远）
A. what B. it
C. / D. which
14. The policeman caught the thief________has stolen Mr. Li’s computer. （2011年· 广西百色）
A. which B. whose
C. whom D. who
15. Tony, tell me the result of the discussion________you had with your dad yesterday.（2011 年·河南省）
A. what B. which
C. when D. who
16. This is the camera________my uncle gave me for my birthday. （2011 年·黑龙江绥化市）
A. which
B. who
C. what
17. —Is there anyone here________name isBetty？
—Sorry, I don’t know. （2011年· 呼和浩特）
A. who B. which
C. whom D. whose
18.—Where did you go last week？ （2011年· 四川达州）
—I went to Zhang Aiping’s hometown and visited the house________he was born in.
A. that B. there
C. who D. whose
19. John is the boy________legs were badly hurt in the accident.（2011年· 天津）
A. whose B. that
C. who D. which
20. We don’t like people________talk too much but never do anything. （2011年· 乌鲁木齐）
A. whose B. who
C. when D. which
21. My grandparents like to live in a house________is not very big but bright and comfortable. （2011年· 广西南宁市）
A. that B. who
C. what D. whose
22. Friends are those________make you smile, always open their hearts to you and encourage you to succeed. （2010年· 河南省）
A. which B. what
C. whom D. who
23. I began to work in Shanghai in the year________HongKong was returned China. （2010年· 湖北省）
A. that B. which
C. where D. when
24. This is the school________I studied three years ago. （2010年· 山东省）
A. where B. when
C. that D. which
答案 1. D 2. D 3. D 4. A 5. A 6. A 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. D 11. C 12. D 13. D 14. D 15. B 16. A 17. D 18. A 19. A 20. B 21. A 22. D 23. D 24. A