美国的奴隶制和俄国的农奴制在本质上都排斥自由，与资本主义生产方式有本质的不同，所以它们都是前资本主义方式。但它们又是在近代资本主义生产方式兴起的时候出现的，所以它们又与资本主义生产方式有着一定的联系，尤其是美国的奴隶制。到１９世纪中叶，奴隶制和农奴制不约 Slavery in the United States and serfdom in Russia are inherently free of freedom and fundamentally different from capitalist modes of production, so they are pre-capitalist. However, they also emerged in the rise of the modern capitalist mode of production. Therefore, they have a certain connection with the capitalist mode of production, especially the American slave system. By the middle of the 19th century, slavery and serfdom were not about