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在世界观、人生观、价值观的“三观教育”中,价值观具有强烈的主观性。面向二十一世纪,我们应该树立什么样的价值观,这是人们必须重视的一个问题。 一 马克思主义历史理论把“处在于一定条件下进行的现实的、可以通过经验观察到的发展过程中的人”作为自己的现实前提和出发点,科学地揭示出人们的能动的实践活动和实际发展过程。马克思主义科学地阐述了人与自然、人与社会的关系,为人在自然中、在社会中确定了正确的位置,揭示了人的价值。 马克思把历史唯物主义称为“关于现实的人及其历史发展的科学”。所谓“现实的人”,按马克思在《德意志意识形态》中的解释,指“从事活动的、进行物质生产的人”,它在一定的物质生产的前提和条件下能动地表现自己。能动性是人区别于动物的质的规定性,而这种能动性是由人的社会属性表现出来的。所以马克思说:“人的本质并不是单个人所固有的抽象物。在其现实性上,它是一切社会关系的总和”。马克思的这段话,为我们寻求人的本质、理解人的价值提供了方法论基础。根据这种方法,我们看到了人本身特有的存在方式:具有自觉意图和目的的精神创造和物质创造活动。正是这种活动的能力,构成了人的本质。人的本质力量在实践活动中开展过程,也就是人的价值的创造和实践的过程?
In the “three outlooks education” of the world outlook, outlook on life and values, the values have a strong subjectivity. For the twenty-first century, we should establish what kind of values, which is one of the issues people must pay attention to. A Marxist historical theory takes as its own practical premises and as a starting point “people in the process of development that can experience empirically under certain conditions and through experience,” so as to scientifically reveal people’s active practice and practical development process. Marxism scientifically expounded the relationship between man and nature, man and society. Man in nature determines the correct position in society and reveals man’s value. Marx refers to the historical materialism as “the science about the real people and their historical development.” The so-called “real person”, according to Marx’s interpretation in “German Ideology,” refers to “those who are engaged in activities and carry out material production” and can express themselves actively under the premise and condition of material production. Mobility is the qualitative stipulation of human beings different from animals, and such motivation is manifested by human social attributes. Therefore, Marx said: “The essence of man is not an abstraction inherent in a single individual, but in its reality, it is the sum of all social relations.” This passage of Marx provides us with a methodological basis for our quest for the essence of man and the understanding of man’s worth. According to this method, we have seen the peculiar existence of man himself: spiritual creation and material creation with conscious intention and purpose. It is the ability of such activity to constitute the essence of man. The essential forces of man carry out the process in practical activities, that is, the process of creation and practice of human values?