BACKGROUND:Transforming growth factors (TGF)-β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 belong to the TGF family, and play important roles in carcinogenesis and the development of carcinoma, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TGF-β1 is a multipotent polypeptide, which inhibits the growth of epithelial cells including hepatoma cell lines and hepatocytes by inducing apoptosis. TGF-βR2 forms a heterodimeric complex upon binding to TGF-β, and then generates the first step in the signal transduction pathway leading to growth inhibition in coordination with the type 1 receptor. Smad4 protein is an important mediator in the TGF-β signaling pathway, and negatively regulates the growth of epithelial cells. This study aimed to detect the expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 in HCCs and their adjacent normal tissues, while assessing its relations with the clinicopathological parameters of HCC. METHODS:Forty-seven HCC specimens and their adjacent normal tissues were obtained surgically at the Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University. The expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 was separately detected by immunohistochemistry in all HCC specimens and their adjacent normal tissues, and its relations with the clinicopathological parameters of HCC were assessed. RESULTS:The positive expression of TGF-β1 was 72.34% in the HCC specimens, which was higher than that in the adjacent normal tissues (P<0.001). The positive expression of Smad4 and TGF-βR2 was 34.04% and 59.57% respectively in the carcinoma specimens. The expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 was significantly higher in groups with a tumor embolus of the portal vein, integrity of the amicula, and Edmondson’s Ⅲ-Ⅳ than that in other groups, but it was not related to tumor size (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:TGF-β1 may play an important role in the occurrence and development of HCC. Combined detection of TGF-β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 may be useful for the determination of the degree of malignancy and the prognosis of HCC. BACKGROUND: Transforming growth factors (TGF) -β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 belong to the TGF family, and play important roles in carcinogenesis and the development of carcinoma, especially hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). TGF-β1 is a multipotent polypeptide, which inhibits the growth of epithelial cells including hepatoma cell lines and hepatocytes by inducing apoptosis. TGF-βR2 forms a heterodimeric complex upon binding to TGF-β, and then generates the first step in the signal transduction pathway leading to growth inhibition in coordination with the type 1 receptor. Smad4 protein is an important mediator in the TGF-β signaling pathway, and negatively regulates the growth of epithelial cells. This study aimed to detect the expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 in HCCs and their adjacent normal tissues , while assessing its relations with the clinicopathological parameters of HCC. METHODS: Forty-seven HCC specimens and their adjacent normal tissues were obtained surgically at the Affili ated Hospital of Medical College, Qingdao University. The expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 were both detected by immunohistochemistry in all HCC specimens and their adjacent normal tissues, and its relations with the clinicopathological parameters of HCC were assessed. RESULTS: The positive expression of TGF-β1 was 72.34% in the HCC specimens, which was higher than that in the adjacent normal tissues (P <0.001). The positive expression of Smad4 and TGF-βR2 was 34.04% and 59.57% respectively in the carcinoma specimens. The expression of TGF-β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 was significantly higher in groups with a tumor embolus of the portal vein, integrity of the amicula, and Edmondson’s Ⅲ-IV than that in other groups, but it was not related to TGF-β1 may play an important role in the occurrence and development of HCC. Combined detection of TGF-β1, TGF-βR2 and Smad4 may be useful for the determination of the degree of malignancy and the progn osis of HCC.