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提 要：大学英语四、六级 作文中的首段开头存在着千篇一律的现象。原因之一是一致性和连贯性受到重视，而多样性却往往被忽视；原因之二是很多学生背诵范文，一成不变地套用原句。本文应用多样与统一的形式美法则，综合出11种首段开头方式，并对首段的多样性进行了实验，取得了较好的效果。
Abstract：In CET-4/6 writing，similarity at the beginning in the first paragraph is a common phenomenon since unity and coherence is always emphasized whereas variety is often overlooked，and many students recite the model compositions and copy those sentences without making any change。This paper applies aesthetic principles of unity and variety，summarizes 11 methods of first paragraph writing . The effect of the experiment of applying the methods to the first paragraph writing is proved to be good。
关键词：千篇一律；多样与统一形式美法则；首段写作方法；效果
Key words：similarity；aesthetic principles of unity and variety；methods of first paragraph writing； effect
一、引言
“With the development of science and technology …”; “ With the development of education…”; “ With social and economic development…”. 像上述以介词 “with” 开头的句子, 在四/六级作文的首段中已成为一种千篇一律的现象。无论是在大学英语四/六级作文的考试中，还是在学生的期末考试作文中，或是在学生的平时作业中，这种现象都俯拾皆是。千篇一律带来的后果是单调枯燥，甚至给人以抄袭之嫌，且不利于学生创造力的发展。
究其上述原因，主要有三个：第一，在教学理念上，不少教师只强调段落的一致性（unity：即指每个段落是思想的一个整体，所有的段落句子都紧扣主题）和连贯性（coherence：即指段落整体内容安排的连贯性和句与句之间的连贯性），忽视了形式美法则中的最基本原则：多样性（variety）和统一性（unity），即使强调多样性或者说变化，也只是强调段落中句子的变化（句子开头的多样化、句子结构的多样化以及句子形式的多样化），但就是缺了首段的多样化：即千变万化。第二，在教材的编写中，有些教材只强调首段难写、首段重要，首段给人留下第一印象，但就是没有提及首段中要运用多样与统一的形式美法则。第三，在教学方法上，有些教师忽视了首段写作的方法，更不用说在教学中运用多样性的法则了。
基于上述原因，本文拟探讨多样与统一形式美法则在大学英语四/六级作文的首段教学中的应用，以期对写作的教与学有所帮助。
二、多样与统一形式美法则
形式美法则就是形式美的创造规律。形式美有诸多法则，如节奏与韵律、调和与对比、反复与渐变、对称与均衡、比例与尺度、多样与统一。多样与统一是形式美的最基本法则，
多样就是有变化，统一就是有规则，有变化而又有规则，叫做多样统一。更具体地说，多样是整体中所包含的各个部分在形式上的区别与差异性；统一则是指各个部分在形式上的某些共同特征以及他们之间的某中关联、呼应和衬托的关系。多样与统一 是互相区别，又互相联系的，只有多样变化，没有整齐统一，就会显得纷繁杂乱；只有整齐统一 ，没有多样变化，就会显得呆板单调，故要在统一中求变化，在变化中求统一。多样与统一这一形式美基本规律，是各种艺术门类共同遵循的形式法则，无论是绘画、建筑、摄影，还是工业设计、环境设计、服装设计，或是诗歌、散文、电影，都离不开这一法则。法则是抽象的，应用起来并不容易，只有多分析大师的杰作，才可以使人欣赏到作品的形式美。
梁思成先生在《拙匠随笔》的一篇题为《千篇一律与千变万化》的一文中，用深入浅出的文笔将这一法则在音乐、舞蹈、绘画、建筑中的运用解释得淋漓尽致: 在舒伯特的“鳟鱼”五重奏中，“鳟鱼” 主题变奏层出不穷，但这些变奏又万变不离其宗——主题。在宋朝画家张择端的“清明上河图”中，树木、船只、房屋、无尽的瓦垄的共同特征重复排列，以取得几条街道（画面）的统一性。当然，在重复之中同时还闪烁着无穷的变化，取得重复与变化的统一。更生动的例子是颐和园800米长廊的几万根柱子的千篇一律和回廊墙上的花窗
的千变万化，既得花窗“小异”之谐趣，无伤回廊“大同”之统一。将这一法则运用到四/六级作文首段的写作中，就是主题千篇一律，而段落的开头形式千变万化。假如一个班级有50人，这50人的作文开头应该是无一雷同的，是千变万化的，但主题是千篇一律的。
三、14种多样化的首段写作方法
关于四/六级作文的首段写作方法,常见的有5至7种, 有的书中方法雷同, 有的则不尽相同, 只有将它们比较、综合，并找出还没有提到的方法且一一列出, 才能方便师生的教与学。比如张德康（2000：44）提出5种方法：1.主题句法 2.对立法 3.问题法 4.引语法 5.定义法； 张红岩(2004：52)提出5种方法：1.排比反问法 2.个例深入法 3.背景知识法 4.定义法 5.引语法；新东方四、六级作文命题研究组(2008:26)提出6种方法: 1.对立法 2.现象法 3.观点法 4.引语法 5.比较法 6.问题法；丁往道（1997：144）提出7种方法：1.引言法 2.数字法 3.问句法 4.时间与地点法 5.背景法 6.类比法 7.定义法。归纳起来至少有14种方法，而这14种方法中的每一种方法也可以是多变的。列举如下：
1. 对立法: 先引出人们的不同看法, 然后提出自己的看法。
When asked what kind of career they will purse upon graduation, the overwhelming majority of college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them a lot of money and a comfortable life. But I think differently. I would prefer a career which will realize my potentials.
2. 比较法: 通过今昔、数字对比来引出主题。
1)今昔对比: Only a few decades ago, the idea of working at home would have sounded quite strange to us. However, now, working at home has become so popular that some people even say that we have entered the era of working at home.
2)数字对比: Less than half of the college graduates in 2000 could find jobs in their specialties, compared with 80 percent ten years ago. Why do college graduates find it increasingly difficult to get a rewarding job?
3. 类比法: 通过对两种在某些方面有相似性的事物的比较，引出主题。
Just as there are distinct differences between a small fish in a big pond and a big fish in a small pond, so it is with working as a subordinate in a large enterprise and presiding as a boss in a small firm.
4. 主题句法/观点法: 开门见山，直接点出主题。
Friends play a very important part in everyone’s life. Sometimes we may like to purse different activities with different friends, and sometimes we may like to be with a large group of friends or spend time with just one or two, Each has its advantages.
5. 现象法: 引出要分析的现象或问题。
Campus love isn’t a newly-born phenomenon. Some people are strongly against it while some others think it’s natural. I don’t advocate campus love for the following reasons.
6. 引言法: 引经据典, 然后引出要讨论的观点。
As a popular saying goes : “Health is better than wealth.” Good health enables one to enjoy his life and achieve what he hopes for in his career. Therefore, health is indispensable to one’s happy life.
7. 问题法: 通过问题引入主题。
Are some people born clever and others born stupid？ Or is intelligence developed by our environment or experience？Strangely enough，the answer to both questions is yes.
8. 定义法: 用一句话或几句话给题目中的关键词下一个定义。
The term clone may not sound strange to most people now. It refers to the descendant of a single plant or animal, produced non-sexually from any one cell.
9. 排比反问法：选用几个排比反问句开头，形成节奏感，然后引出作者自己的观点。
Have you ever been to the West Lake in Hangzhou city? Have you ever walked along the Long Corridor in the Summer Palace? Have you ever seen the red fallen leaves on the Fragrance Hill? If you have never had such experiences, you would never know how much fun outdoor activities could bring you.
10. 个例深入法：开头展开对某一事例的描写，然后表明自己的观点。
On a cold winter midnight, I woke and found my classmate in fever with a 40 degree high. I rushed outside to find a taxi but in vain. Along the street I caught sight of the car of my next-door neighbor. With full willingness my neighbor took us to the hospital. My classmate was saved in time because of the car. If you do not have such experience, you would never know how important a car is to your life.
11. 背景知识法: 先陈述话题发生的背景, 然后引出作者的立场。
Nowadays, millions of migrant workers flock into cities in search of jobs and better living conditions. With the sharp rise of urban population, many problems arise at the same time.
12. 假设法：以假设开头，然后引出作者的立场。
If I were forced to agree with one of the two methods , my choice would be for __________.
13. 数字法：以数据引出开头。
The attack on the Soviet Union was the largest and fiercest of all that Hitler had launched. He threw in 190 divisions, 3000 tanks, over 5000 planes, and altogether 5.5 million men.
14. 时间与地点法：用时间和地点引出开头。
On 6th , April, 2010, one of my classmates got a serious cold, lying in bed in his dorm. The first day when he came to school, we found that his eyes were red and his voice was rough. The second day, his cold was so serious that he couldn’t go to school.
Abstract：In CET-4/6 writing，similarity at the beginning in the first paragraph is a common phenomenon since unity and coherence is always emphasized whereas variety is often overlooked，and many students recite the model compositions and copy those sentences without making any change。This paper applies aesthetic principles of unity and variety，summarizes 11 methods of first paragraph writing . The effect of the experiment of applying the methods to the first paragraph writing is proved to be good。
关键词：千篇一律；多样与统一形式美法则；首段写作方法；效果
Key words：similarity；aesthetic principles of unity and variety；methods of first paragraph writing； effect
一、引言
“With the development of science and technology …”; “ With the development of education…”; “ With social and economic development…”. 像上述以介词 “with” 开头的句子, 在四/六级作文的首段中已成为一种千篇一律的现象。无论是在大学英语四/六级作文的考试中，还是在学生的期末考试作文中，或是在学生的平时作业中，这种现象都俯拾皆是。千篇一律带来的后果是单调枯燥，甚至给人以抄袭之嫌，且不利于学生创造力的发展。
究其上述原因，主要有三个：第一，在教学理念上，不少教师只强调段落的一致性（unity：即指每个段落是思想的一个整体，所有的段落句子都紧扣主题）和连贯性（coherence：即指段落整体内容安排的连贯性和句与句之间的连贯性），忽视了形式美法则中的最基本原则：多样性（variety）和统一性（unity），即使强调多样性或者说变化，也只是强调段落中句子的变化（句子开头的多样化、句子结构的多样化以及句子形式的多样化），但就是缺了首段的多样化：即千变万化。第二，在教材的编写中，有些教材只强调首段难写、首段重要，首段给人留下第一印象，但就是没有提及首段中要运用多样与统一的形式美法则。第三，在教学方法上，有些教师忽视了首段写作的方法，更不用说在教学中运用多样性的法则了。
基于上述原因，本文拟探讨多样与统一形式美法则在大学英语四/六级作文的首段教学中的应用，以期对写作的教与学有所帮助。
二、多样与统一形式美法则
形式美法则就是形式美的创造规律。形式美有诸多法则，如节奏与韵律、调和与对比、反复与渐变、对称与均衡、比例与尺度、多样与统一。多样与统一是形式美的最基本法则，
多样就是有变化，统一就是有规则，有变化而又有规则，叫做多样统一。更具体地说，多样是整体中所包含的各个部分在形式上的区别与差异性；统一则是指各个部分在形式上的某些共同特征以及他们之间的某中关联、呼应和衬托的关系。多样与统一 是互相区别，又互相联系的，只有多样变化，没有整齐统一，就会显得纷繁杂乱；只有整齐统一 ，没有多样变化，就会显得呆板单调，故要在统一中求变化，在变化中求统一。多样与统一这一形式美基本规律，是各种艺术门类共同遵循的形式法则，无论是绘画、建筑、摄影，还是工业设计、环境设计、服装设计，或是诗歌、散文、电影，都离不开这一法则。法则是抽象的，应用起来并不容易，只有多分析大师的杰作，才可以使人欣赏到作品的形式美。
梁思成先生在《拙匠随笔》的一篇题为《千篇一律与千变万化》的一文中，用深入浅出的文笔将这一法则在音乐、舞蹈、绘画、建筑中的运用解释得淋漓尽致: 在舒伯特的“鳟鱼”五重奏中，“鳟鱼” 主题变奏层出不穷，但这些变奏又万变不离其宗——主题。在宋朝画家张择端的“清明上河图”中，树木、船只、房屋、无尽的瓦垄的共同特征重复排列，以取得几条街道（画面）的统一性。当然，在重复之中同时还闪烁着无穷的变化，取得重复与变化的统一。更生动的例子是颐和园800米长廊的几万根柱子的千篇一律和回廊墙上的花窗
的千变万化，既得花窗“小异”之谐趣，无伤回廊“大同”之统一。将这一法则运用到四/六级作文首段的写作中，就是主题千篇一律，而段落的开头形式千变万化。假如一个班级有50人，这50人的作文开头应该是无一雷同的，是千变万化的，但主题是千篇一律的。
三、14种多样化的首段写作方法
关于四/六级作文的首段写作方法,常见的有5至7种, 有的书中方法雷同, 有的则不尽相同, 只有将它们比较、综合，并找出还没有提到的方法且一一列出, 才能方便师生的教与学。比如张德康（2000：44）提出5种方法：1.主题句法 2.对立法 3.问题法 4.引语法 5.定义法； 张红岩(2004：52)提出5种方法：1.排比反问法 2.个例深入法 3.背景知识法 4.定义法 5.引语法；新东方四、六级作文命题研究组(2008:26)提出6种方法: 1.对立法 2.现象法 3.观点法 4.引语法 5.比较法 6.问题法；丁往道（1997：144）提出7种方法：1.引言法 2.数字法 3.问句法 4.时间与地点法 5.背景法 6.类比法 7.定义法。归纳起来至少有14种方法，而这14种方法中的每一种方法也可以是多变的。列举如下：
1. 对立法: 先引出人们的不同看法, 然后提出自己的看法。
When asked what kind of career they will purse upon graduation, the overwhelming majority of college students say that they would choose a job which will bring them a lot of money and a comfortable life. But I think differently. I would prefer a career which will realize my potentials.
2. 比较法: 通过今昔、数字对比来引出主题。
1)今昔对比: Only a few decades ago, the idea of working at home would have sounded quite strange to us. However, now, working at home has become so popular that some people even say that we have entered the era of working at home.
2)数字对比: Less than half of the college graduates in 2000 could find jobs in their specialties, compared with 80 percent ten years ago. Why do college graduates find it increasingly difficult to get a rewarding job?
3. 类比法: 通过对两种在某些方面有相似性的事物的比较，引出主题。
Just as there are distinct differences between a small fish in a big pond and a big fish in a small pond, so it is with working as a subordinate in a large enterprise and presiding as a boss in a small firm.
4. 主题句法/观点法: 开门见山，直接点出主题。
Friends play a very important part in everyone’s life. Sometimes we may like to purse different activities with different friends, and sometimes we may like to be with a large group of friends or spend time with just one or two, Each has its advantages.
5. 现象法: 引出要分析的现象或问题。
Campus love isn’t a newly-born phenomenon. Some people are strongly against it while some others think it’s natural. I don’t advocate campus love for the following reasons.
6. 引言法: 引经据典, 然后引出要讨论的观点。
As a popular saying goes : “Health is better than wealth.” Good health enables one to enjoy his life and achieve what he hopes for in his career. Therefore, health is indispensable to one’s happy life.
7. 问题法: 通过问题引入主题。
Are some people born clever and others born stupid？ Or is intelligence developed by our environment or experience？Strangely enough，the answer to both questions is yes.
8. 定义法: 用一句话或几句话给题目中的关键词下一个定义。
The term clone may not sound strange to most people now. It refers to the descendant of a single plant or animal, produced non-sexually from any one cell.
9. 排比反问法：选用几个排比反问句开头，形成节奏感，然后引出作者自己的观点。
Have you ever been to the West Lake in Hangzhou city? Have you ever walked along the Long Corridor in the Summer Palace? Have you ever seen the red fallen leaves on the Fragrance Hill? If you have never had such experiences, you would never know how much fun outdoor activities could bring you.
10. 个例深入法：开头展开对某一事例的描写，然后表明自己的观点。
On a cold winter midnight, I woke and found my classmate in fever with a 40 degree high. I rushed outside to find a taxi but in vain. Along the street I caught sight of the car of my next-door neighbor. With full willingness my neighbor took us to the hospital. My classmate was saved in time because of the car. If you do not have such experience, you would never know how important a car is to your life.
11. 背景知识法: 先陈述话题发生的背景, 然后引出作者的立场。
Nowadays, millions of migrant workers flock into cities in search of jobs and better living conditions. With the sharp rise of urban population, many problems arise at the same time.
12. 假设法：以假设开头，然后引出作者的立场。
If I were forced to agree with one of the two methods , my choice would be for __________.
13. 数字法：以数据引出开头。
The attack on the Soviet Union was the largest and fiercest of all that Hitler had launched. He threw in 190 divisions, 3000 tanks, over 5000 planes, and altogether 5.5 million men.
14. 时间与地点法：用时间和地点引出开头。
On 6th , April, 2010, one of my classmates got a serious cold, lying in bed in his dorm. The first day when he came to school, we found that his eyes were red and his voice was rough. The second day, his cold was so serious that he couldn’t go to school.