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自１９９６年初中国提出“依法治国，建设社会主义法制国家”的治国方略和战略目标，并经１９９７年党的十五大正式确立为“法治国家”的社会秩序模式之后，关于中国社会秩序到底选择何种模式结构又一度成为一个学术热点。来自人类学、社会学和法学界的部分学者对作为目前占“主导地位”的“主流法律意识形态”的“法治国家”理论提出了质疑和挑战。而这一问题的实质在于对当代中国社会现实状况的不同认识上。本文在介绍了费孝通先生４０年代对传统中国社会秩序的主要特征———“礼治秩序”的观点之后，对当代中国社会秩序结构进行了分析，概括为“多元混合秩序”结构，并评介了两种不同的对当代中国社会秩序现实的认识。最后提出了作者关于“应然社会秩序”与“实然社会秩序”———这一认识当代中国社会秩序结构的认识方法和视角。
Since China proposed the strategy of running the country according to law and the principle of “building a socialist country with law” in early 1996, and after the formal establishment of the social order model of “rule of law” by the 15th National Party Congress in 1997, What model structure has once again become an academic hot spot. Some scholars from the fields of anthropology, sociology and jurisprudence challenge and challenge the theory of “state by law” which is currently the “dominant legal ideology”. The essence of this issue lies in the different understanding of the actual conditions in contemporary Chinese society. After introducing Mr. Fei Xiaotong’s views on the main characteristic of traditional Chinese social order in the 1940s, “Rule of Rites,” this article analyzes the structure of social order in contemporary China and summarizes the structure of “pluralistic mixed order” Two different understandings of the reality of social order in contemporary China. Finally, the authors put forward the methods and perspectives of understanding the “social order should be” and “the social order in reality” --- this understanding of the structure of contemporary Chinese social order.