流行性腮腺炎(腮腺炎)是由腮腺炎病毒(MuV)引起的急性呼吸道传染病。截止2004年,MuV已发现了12个基因型,分别命名为A~L基因型。不同基因型MuV的分布具有地域性。研究表明,在同一地域的不同时期可能有不同基因型MuV在流行,在一个国家或地区也可能同时有不同基因型的MuV流行。MuV仅一个血清型,不同的MuV基因型之间有抗原交叉性,这种交叉性是至关重要的。可保护接种疫苗后的人群免受不同基因型MuV的感染。但有些体内和体外实验表明,基因型之间的抗原交叉性是有限的。流行病学数据还表明,某些毒株和基因型或基因型内某一组病毒具有神经毒性。近年来,调查了不同MuV的神经毒性,发现C、D、G、HI、、J基因型具有明确的神经毒性。但目前引起神经毒性的遗传学基础还不清楚。虽然,目前还无流行病学证据证明在不同的基因型或毒株之间出现抗原交叉性降低现象。但有数据表明,连续的进化和基因型的再分布在理论上可能导致神经毒力增强或交叉中和能力降低的毒株出现。因此,对MuV进行分子流行病学研究,了解基因型的分布,监测人群对基因型的特异性免疫是非常必要的。 Mumps (Mumps) is an acute respiratory infection caused by the mumps virus (MuV). As of 2004, MuV has found 12 genotypes, respectively, named A ~ L genotype. The distribution of different genotypes MuV is regional. Studies have shown that there may be different genotypes of MuV in different regions of the same geographical period, and MuV epidemics of different genotypes in one country may also occur. Cross-resistance is essential for the fact that there is only one serotype of MuV and there is antigenic overlap between different MuV genotypes. Protects vaccinated populations from infection with different genotypes of MuV. However, some in vitro and in vivo experiments show that antigenicity between genotypes is limited. Epidemiological data also show that certain strains and strains of a group of genotypes or genotypes are neurotoxic. In recent years, the neurotoxicity of different MuVs has been investigated and C, D, G, HI, J genotypes have been found to have definite neurotoxicity. However, the genetic basis for causing neurotoxicity is unclear. Although, there is currently no epidemiological evidence of reduced cross-reactivity between different genotypes or strains. However, data indicate that continuous evolution and redistribution of genotypes may theoretically result in the emergence of strains with increased neurovirulence or reduced cross-neutralizing ability. Therefore, molecular epidemiological studies of MuV to understand the distribution of genotypes, and to monitor the population specific genotype-specific immunity is very necessary.