麦克道威尔关于知觉知识的结构有两条线索。第一条线索包含了三个层次:析取主义、习能的自证式运作和无分别性。第二条线索挪用了亚里士多德的自然主义所提供的潜能-实现。尽管这种方案所遭遇的反驳并没有真正撼动其核心思想,但仍然存在一些根本性的缺陷。 McDowell has two clues about the structure of perceptual knowledge. The first clues include three levels: liberating doctrine, self-evidentiary operation and indifference. The second clues divert the potential provided by Aristotelian naturalism - fulfillment. Although the counter-arguments encountered by such programs have not really shaken their core ideas, there are still some fundamental flaws.