[The Economist 301(7475):67,1986(英)] 不列颠国家卫生服务制(NHS)在许多医院中显露出明显的缺陷:房屋破旧、病人候诊时间(等候手术时间尤为突出)过长、无人知晓医院的工作及各项工作的费用等等。咨询医师独断地管理自己的部门,不理睬经理(manager)及他人的意见;护士们觉得不能发挥自己的技术,无“管理”可言。这些问题,在管理中的具体表现为: [The Economist 301 (7475): 67, 1986 (British)] The British National Health Service (NHS) has revealed significant deficiencies in many hospitals: old buildings, waiting time for patients (especially waiting time for surgery) is too long, no People are aware of the work of the hospital and the costs of various tasks. The consulting physician arbitrarily manages his own department and ignores the opinions of managers and others. The nurses feel that they cannot use their own skills and have no “management” at all. The specific manifestations of these issues in management are: