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目的了解铁路自建集中式供水卫生管理现状和特点,探索适应铁路供水现状的饮用水卫生监管体系。方法以石家庄铁路沿线饮用水水源现状调查结果为依据,参照西安、武汉、济南铁路地区饮用水现状调查文献,从卫生管理法学角度,运用水质卫生管理的理论和方法。结果铁路自建集中式供水多为地下管井;水源点多、分散、供水规模小、设施建设标准低;供水单位不专业、产权不明晰。供水水源缺少净化消毒设施,占53.8%;水源卫生防护差、设施陈旧,占27.4%。水质监测合格率低,总体超标率为56.9%,各种检测项目以细菌类指标超标率最高,达47.1%;其次分别为总硬度、硫酸盐、氯化物等;此外,饮用水氟、砷超标问题仍存在。结论铁路自建集中式供水卫生监管严重缺位;卫生监督部门人员、技术力量薄弱,致使全面有效实施卫生监管的难度增加。应加强管理,从卫生法学角度建立适宜铁路自建集中式供水现状的水质卫生监管体系。
Objective To understand the status quo and characteristics of self-built centralized water supply and sanitation management in railway and to explore the drinking water sanitation regulation system adapting to the status of railway water supply. Methods Based on the survey results of drinking water source along Shijiazhuang Railway, referring to the survey of drinking water status in Xi’an, Wuhan and Jinan railway areas, the author applied the theories and methods of water quality and hygiene management from the perspective of health management law. Results The centralized self-built water supply for the railway was mostly underground tube wells. There were many water sources, scattered water sources and small scale of water supply with low standard of facilities construction. Water supply units were unprofessional and the property rights were not clear. Water supply lack of purification and disinfection facilities, accounting for 53.8%; poor water hygiene protection, outdated facilities, accounting for 27.4%. The qualified rate of water quality monitoring is low, the overall rate of exceeding the standard is 56.9%. The highest rate of exceeding the standard of bacteria in various testing items is 47.1%, followed by the total hardness, sulfate and chloride respectively. In addition, The problem still exists. Conclusions There is a serious lack of centralized supervision of water supply by railways. The personnel of health supervision departments, with weak technical strength, have made it more and more difficult to implement health regulation in an all-round and effective manner. Should be strengthened management, from the perspective of health law to establish appropriate water-based centralized water supply system of health monitoring system.