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咸丰十年(1860)英法联军攻入北京并火烧圆明园,致皇帝北狩,天下震动。与道光一朝曾被士大夫当作岛夷骚动海疆的中英鸦片战争相比,这是一种创深痛巨。由此产生的流泪、吐血、张皇、茫然都表现了精神冲击下的惊惧和惊愕。二十年之间,中国再败于泰西,而后是二千年岁月累计而成的历史经验在士大夫中先识时务者的心里开始破碎。正是在这种历史经验的破碎里才可能催生出“变局”、“创局”、“奇局”、“千古未有之局”和“智勇俱困之秋”一类词汇和观念。它们表述了那一代人的时代意识,并促成了以“自强”回应西人逼迫的历史过程,而中国社会艰难的近代化也因此而获得了一个真实的起点。
Xianfeng ten years (1860) British and French troops invaded Beijing and burning Yuanmingyuan, the emperor north hunting, the world shaking. This is a great pain compared with the Sino-British Opium War in which Daoguang was once considered by the literati to be the coast of the island. The resulting tears, hematemesis, Zhang Huang, at a loss have shown the impact of mental shock and consternation. Over the past two decades, China once again defeated Taixi, and then the accumulated historical experience of the past two thousand years began to crumble in the minds of first-time acquaintances among the literati. It is in this fragmentation of historical experience that it is possible to spawn a variety of vocabulary and concepts such as “changes”, “creation”, “oddities”, “unseen” and “autumn in wisdom and courage.” They expressed the generational consciousness of the times and contributed to the historical process of “self-improvement” in response to the persecution by the Western populations. As a result, the difficult modernization of Chinese society gained a real starting point.