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20世纪中叶出现的社会权利,一方面丰富了公民权利的内涵,另一方面重塑了公民与国家之间的关系,即享有福利不再是国家的施舍,而是公民的权利。社会权利是福利国家的逻辑起点和现实归宿。文章以社会权利为工具,分析福利国家的缘起及其类型;考察新中国成立以来福利国家演变的三种模式:国家/集体福利模式、市场福利模式、社会合作福利模式及其特点。中国的福利国家在弥补市场失灵、推进公民社会权利的实现方面发挥着重要作用,但也存在着城乡不平等、身份不平等以及福利利益流动不自由的问题。这要通过强化福利国家制度的权利理念,加大财政转移支付力度,提高福利金统筹层次等措施加以解决。
The social rights that emerged in the middle of the 20th century enriched the connotation of civil rights on the one hand and reshaped the relations between citizens and nations on the other hand. That is, the enjoyment of benefits was no longer the charity of the country but the rights of citizens. Social rights are the logical starting point and the real destination of the welfare state. The article analyzes the origins and types of Welfare States with social rights as tools; examines the three models of Welfare States’ evolution from the founding of New China: the state / collective welfare model, the market welfare model, the social cooperation welfare model and their characteristics. China’s welfare state plays an important role in making up the market failure and promoting the realization of civil society rights. However, there are also problems such as urban-rural inequality, identity inequality and the influx of welfare benefits. This must be solved through such measures as strengthening the concept of the rights of the welfare state system, increasing the fiscal transfer payments and raising the overall level of welfare funds.