邓小平在《党和国家领导制度的改革》的讲话中,分析了党和国家现行制度中的不少弊端。他指出:“从党和国家的领导制度、干部制度方面来说,主要的弊端就是官僚主义现象,权力过分集中的现象,家长制现象,干部领导职务终身制现象和形形色色的特权现象。”〔1〕邓小平还列举了官僚主 In his speech “Reform of the Leadership System of the Party and the Country,” Deng Xiaoping analyzed many shortcomings in the current system of the Party and the state. He pointed out: “From the perspective of the party and state leadership system and cadre system, the major drawbacks are the bureaucratic phenomenon, the over-concentration of power, the patriarchal phenomenon, the tenure of leading cadres in office and all kinds of privileges.” [1 Deng Xiaoping also cited the bureaucracy