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京剧“老生三杰”之一的张二奎其生平富有传奇性。通过相关文献的梳理,可知其生平、家世等诸多史实之记载皆存有争议。其中学术界对其卒年之研究分歧较大。分研读宋学琦和王政尧发现的昇平署档案后可以断言,档案无法作为效证据来论证张二奎的卒年。而根据新发现的《王钟霖日记》可以明确知道张二奎的卒于咸丰十年(1860)七月间,其出生于平民家庭,非书香世家,本人曾在兵部武库司当学员,未尝任工部都水司经承一职。张二奎以票友身份下海后,诱发京师诸多票友下海,形成“张二奎现象”。此现象之根源在于下海唱戏的高额收入及名动天下的荣耀。对脉脉的生平及其所撰《张二奎传》考证和分析,可以肯定口述史料的运用是张二奎生平诸多争议的源头。戏曲史的研究需要将口述史料与纸质文献、音视频文献等多形态文献相结合方能推进研究之深入。
Peking Opera “Lao Sheng San Jie ” one of Zhang Ergui its life is legendary. Through the combing of related literatures, we can see that there are many controversies in history such as his life and family life. Among them, academic circles have different opinions on their death years. Sub-study of Song Xueqi and Wang Zhengyao found the archives of the Bureau of Civilization can be asserted that the file can not be used as evidence to prove the death of Zhang Erkui. According to the newly discovered “Wangzhonglin Diary”, Zhang Ergui’s death was clearly known as the death of a civil servant and non-scholar in the ten years (1860) of his death in Xianfeng. Division by the water by a post. After Zhang Er-kui took the identity of a farewell partner, he provoked a great deal of capitalists to come to the sea to form a “phenomenon of Zhang Er-kui.” The root cause of this phenomenon is the high income of the singing and dancing of the sea and the glory of the world famous. The research on the veins and his research on Zhang Er-kui’s biography confirms that the utilization of oral historical materials is the source of many controversies about Zhang Er-kui’s life. The study of the history of operas needs to combine the oral history materials with the multi-morphological documents such as paper documents, audio and video documents to promote the research.