19世纪明治维新后的日本,在军事方面,先后效仿了法国、德国、英国等国的军事制度,其军事术语也先后受到法语、德语、英语等语言的影响。当时军事术语的翻译工作必须由国家组织翻译领域的权威人士统一进行。因此,与其它领域的术语翻译相比,军事术语翻译更具权威性,是研究近代术语以及近代中日词汇交流的重要资料。但由于二战后,日本军事方面的资料损毁严重,且大多保存在日本防卫省的相关机构当中,不如馆藏资料那么容易接触,因此,就现阶段而言,和其他领域的术语研究相比,军事术语的研究相对落后。本文将以近代日本首部军事术语对译词典《五国对照兵语字书》(1881)为例,通过对词典中军事术语的整理和分析,考察近代日本军事术语的形成背景及其特征,望借此充实近代中日词汇交流的研究。 After the Meiji Restoration of Japan in the 19th century, Japan, on the military side, followed the military system of France, Germany, Britain and other countries. Its military terminology has also been influenced by languages ​​such as French, German and English. At that time, the translation of military terminology must be carried out unanimously by authorities in the field of translation of national organizations. Therefore, compared with terminology translation in other fields, military terminology translation is more authoritative, which is an important material for studying modern terminology and the exchange of words in modern China and Japan. However, since the post-World War II military information was severely damaged and most of them were kept in the relevant agencies of Japan’s Ministry of Defense, they were not as easily accessible as the data on collections. Therefore, at this stage, as compared with the terminological studies in other fields, The terminology is relatively backward. Taking the translation of the first Japanese military jargon of the Five Dynasties (1881) as an example, this article examines the formation background and characteristics of the modern Japanese military terms through the collation and analysis of the military terms in the dictionary In this way, we can enrich the research on the exchange of vocabulary between China and Japan in modern times.