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在合作秩序的起源、扩展和维系的问题上,利他性一直是研究的主要方向。继亲缘选择、互惠利他等多种形式的利他理论之后,研究逐步聚焦于利他惩罚机制的形成和维系上。但基于单纯利他惩罚的强互惠理论并不能很好地解释大规模合作的起源和维系问题,模仿他人的从众和对权威的服从这类行为倾向,通过群选择和群成员的同质化,同样对合作的起源、扩张和维系起着不可或缺的作用。基于从众和服从的这种集体性的特殊合作行为虽然没有表现出合作剩余和利他性,但却避免了非合作的损失,它们在促进群合作规模的同时,也降低了合作维系的成本。虽然从众和服从广泛存在于生物界中,但人类的从众和服从表现出更为复杂的特点,如更为复杂的规范性从众,基于风险规避和资源分配的支配-服从秩序等。尤为重要的是,人类在从众和服从倾向的进化过程中,保持了与之相反的抵触性倾向,即不从众和不服从,正是这种对抗性的机制,为合作秩序的持续扩展与演化提供了动力。
Altruism has always been the main direction of research on the origin, expansion and maintenance of the cooperative order. Following the various forms of altruism, such as kinship selection and reciprocal altruism, research gradually focuses on the formation and maintenance of the altruistic punishment mechanism. However, the strong reciprocity theory based on the simple altruistic punishment can not explain the origin and maintenance of large-scale cooperation well and imitates the behavior tendencies of other people’s obedience and obedience to authority. Through group selection and homogenization of group members, It plays an indispensable role in the origin, expansion and maintenance of cooperation. This kind of collective special cooperation based on obedience and obedience, while not showing cooperation surplus and altruism, avoids the loss of non-cooperation and reduces the cost of cooperation and maintenance while promoting the group cooperation scale. Although obedience and obedience are widespread in the biological world, the herd’s obedience and obedience to human beings show more complex features such as more complicated normative obedience, dominance-compliance order based on risk aversion and resource allocation. It is especially important that human beings, in the process of evolving their obedience and obedience, have maintained the opposite tendency of opposition, that is, they are not conformity and disobedience. It is this antagonistic mechanism that continues to expand and evolve the cooperative order Provide the motivation.