近代以来 ,在一切组织化了的社会生活中 ,责任和义务都成了制度设计和制度安排的重要参照系。在人类历史上 ,责任和义务有过从分离走向统一的过程 ,人类新近出现的一种全新的社会治理模式———公共管理结束了责任与义务相分离的历史。对责任和义务的分析 ,可以看出存在着行政的、法律的、道德的这样三种不同的责任和义务。公共管理使这三种责任和义务整合成为一个统一的职能总体。 Since modern times, in all organized social life, responsibilities and obligations have become important reference frames for system design and system arrangement. In the history of mankind, responsibility and obligation have gone through a process of separation from unification and a new pattern of social governance that has recently emerged in mankind --- public administration has ended the history of the separation of responsibilities and obligations. Analysis of responsibilities and obligations shows that there are three different responsibilities and obligations of administration, law and morality. Public management integrates these three responsibilities and obligations into a unified overall function.