HIV-1 viral cores enter the nucleus collectively through the nuclear endocytosis-like pathway

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It is recognized that HIV-1 capsid cores are disassembled in the cytoplasm,releasing their genomes into the nucleus through nuclear pores,but there is also evidence showing the capsid(CA)exists in the nucleus.Whether HIV-1 enters the nucleus and how it enters the nucleus through the undersized nuclear pore remains mysterious.Based on multicolor labeling and real-time imaging of the viral and cellular components,our observations via light and electron microscopy suggest that HIV-1 selectively gathered at the microtubule organization center(MTOC),leading the nearby nuclear envelope(NE)to undergo deformation,invagination and restoration to form a nuclear vesicle in which the viral particles were wrapped;then,the inner membrane of the nuclear vesicle ruptured to release HIV-1 into the nucleus.This unexpected discovery expands our understanding of the complexity of HIV-1 nuclear entry,which may provide new insights to HIV-1 virology.
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