目的了解内蒙古贫困农村学生营养状况。方法选择本区6个贫困县,分别从不同供餐模式的农村学校中随机抽取小学和初中学生进行身高和体重的测量。结果学生营养不良率为7.1%,生长迟滞和消瘦率分别为2.9%和4.4%,超重和肥胖率为11.9%和5.6%。随着年龄的增长,学生生长迟滞率、消瘦率和营养不良率有增加的趋势(P<0.01),超重和肥胖率有降低的趋势(P<0.05)。男生消瘦、营养不良和超重率高于女生(P<0.05)。中部区学生生长迟滞、消瘦和营养不良率高于东北部,而东北部学生的超重和肥胖率高于中部区(P<0.01)。结论内蒙古贫困地区学生面临营养不良和营养过剩的双重负担,重点对高年龄、男生和中部区学生进行营养不良干预,而低年龄、东北部学生也不容忽视,是超重肥胖的干预重点,要建立长效的综合干预模式改善学生整体营养健康状况。 Objective To understand the nutritional status of poor rural students in Inner Mongolia. Methods Six poor counties in the district were selected to measure the height and weight of primary and junior high school students randomly from rural schools with different feeding patterns. Results Malnutrition rate was 7.1%, growth retardation and emaciation rates were 2.9% and 4.4%, and overweight and obesity rates were 11.9% and 5.6% respectively. With the growth of age, there was an increasing tendency of students’ growth retardation, wasting rate and malnutrition rate (P <0.01), while overweight and obesity rates were decreasing (P <0.05). Boys were wasting, malnourished and overweight were higher than girls (P <0.05). The students in the central region grew slowly, the rates of weight loss and malnutrition were higher than those in the northeast, while those in the northeast were higher than those in the middle (P <0.01). Conclusions Students in impoverished areas of Inner Mongolia face the double burden of malnutrition and overnutrition. The emphasis is on malnutrition intervention among students of high age, boys and middle schools. However, students of low age and northeast should not be neglected. It is the focus of intervention for overweight and obesity. To establish Long-term comprehensive intervention to improve the overall nutritional status of students.