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【Abstract】This study investigated the impact of subjective task value, self-perceptions, technology use and teaching presence respectively on university students’ learning outcomes via student engagement in technology-mediated learning (TML) setting. The quantitative empirical research to test the hypothesized relationships was conducted by questionnaire survey on university students who applied technology-mediated learning in Shaanxi province.
【Key words】pilot study; reliability; validity Preliminary Data Analysis
【作者簡介】陈叶，西北政法大学；Shadi Kafi Mallak, 马来西亚科技大学。
1. Preliminary Data Analysis
A pilot is of paramount importance to the reliability, validity and practicability of the questionnaire(Cohen et al., 2018). The six panel of experts were chosen from people who had enough experience and expertise on education. These experts offered concrete suggestions for the improvement of the questionnaire. Based on experts’ opinion, the scale items were subjected to necessary arrangements of alternate wording, terminology, item format and sequencing. In this study, the questionnaire was pilot-tested by 109 undergraduate students in Shaanxi province. The preliminary data analysis is assessed by Cronbach Alpha coefficient, the total correlation coefficients, KMO coefficient, Bartlett’s test and the factor loading. Results of this preliminary evaluation on each variable show that the scale of each factor achieves the required reliability.
2. Quality Assessment of Research Data
The formal questionnaire consists of two parts, one is the survey of demographic variables, the other is the items of 5 scales. The targeted population in this research include university students in Shaanxi province. 530 questionnaires were sent to students by Super Star through Wechat and QQ. After the deletion of the invalid questionnaires from the original dataset, 452 questionnaires were used in the formal analysis. Using the data collected, the reliability and validity of the measurement will be further tested. On this basis, structural equation model analysis and regression analysis are used to test the research hypothesis.
In this study, the skewness of each measurement item is between - 0.486 and 0.485, while the kurtosis is between - 0.681 and 0.872. A normal distribution of score can be determined by the values of skewness and kurtosis. At this stage, Kline (2015) argues that when the absolute value of skewness is lower than 3 and the absolute value of kurtosis is lower than 10, the sample basically are shaped as normal distribution. Therefore, it shows that the data mainly obey the normal distribution and can be analyzed in the next step.
【Key words】pilot study; reliability; validity Preliminary Data Analysis
【作者簡介】陈叶，西北政法大学；Shadi Kafi Mallak, 马来西亚科技大学。
1. Preliminary Data Analysis
A pilot is of paramount importance to the reliability, validity and practicability of the questionnaire(Cohen et al., 2018). The six panel of experts were chosen from people who had enough experience and expertise on education. These experts offered concrete suggestions for the improvement of the questionnaire. Based on experts’ opinion, the scale items were subjected to necessary arrangements of alternate wording, terminology, item format and sequencing. In this study, the questionnaire was pilot-tested by 109 undergraduate students in Shaanxi province. The preliminary data analysis is assessed by Cronbach Alpha coefficient, the total correlation coefficients, KMO coefficient, Bartlett’s test and the factor loading. Results of this preliminary evaluation on each variable show that the scale of each factor achieves the required reliability.
2. Quality Assessment of Research Data
The formal questionnaire consists of two parts, one is the survey of demographic variables, the other is the items of 5 scales. The targeted population in this research include university students in Shaanxi province. 530 questionnaires were sent to students by Super Star through Wechat and QQ. After the deletion of the invalid questionnaires from the original dataset, 452 questionnaires were used in the formal analysis. Using the data collected, the reliability and validity of the measurement will be further tested. On this basis, structural equation model analysis and regression analysis are used to test the research hypothesis.
In this study, the skewness of each measurement item is between - 0.486 and 0.485, while the kurtosis is between - 0.681 and 0.872. A normal distribution of score can be determined by the values of skewness and kurtosis. At this stage, Kline (2015) argues that when the absolute value of skewness is lower than 3 and the absolute value of kurtosis is lower than 10, the sample basically are shaped as normal distribution. Therefore, it shows that the data mainly obey the normal distribution and can be analyzed in the next step.