论文部分内容阅读
19世纪后,欧洲基督教徒将奥斯曼帝国主要视为“欧洲病夫”。然而,在近代早期,尤其是16世纪,当奥斯曼帝国在欧洲扩张达到顶峰时,欧洲基督教徒的奥斯曼观念是多元和复杂的。负面观念包括“世界的恐怖”“上帝之鞭”和敌人等,正面观念也不容忽视,有强大、秩序良好和体制高效等,甚至有些欧洲势力将奥斯曼人视为其在基督教世界内部政治、商业和宗教斗争中可资利用的工具或盟友。这些观念根植于欧洲基督徒对伊斯兰教来源已久的敌视、奥斯曼帝国的实力优势和对欧洲的威胁、欧洲国家间的相互冲突和近代世俗主义政治的发展。在一定程度上,欧洲基督教徒的奥斯曼观念也是欧洲在自我定位和建构自我认知过程中,将奥斯曼人作为参照物对比后产生的心理映象。
After the 19th century, European Christians mainly regarded the Ottoman Empire as the “sick man of Europe.” However, in early modern times, especially in the 16th century, the Ottoman conceptions of Christians in Europe were pluralistic and complicated when the Ottoman Empire reached its peak in Europe. Negative notions include “the horrors of the world”, “whips of God” and the enemy. The positive concepts can not be ignored either. They are powerful, well-ordered, and institutionally efficient. Some European forces even regard the Ottomans as their targets in the Christian world Available tools or allies in internal political, commercial and religious struggles. These notions are rooted in the long-standing hostility of Christians to Islam in Europe, the strength of the Ottoman Empire and its threat to Europe, the mutual conflicts among European countries and the development of modern secularism politics. To some extent, the Ottoman notion of European Christians is also the psychological reflection that Europe has made when comparing Ottoman as a reference in the process of self-localization and self-cognition.