在1890～1910年这短短的20年中,美国和西欧的能源系统几乎发生了彻底的变化。在这期间,电灯代替了气灯,汽车代替了马车。工业增长迅猛,在石油、汽车和电力等新出现的领域里,许多新的企业诞生了。生活在那个时代的人亲眼目睹了能源系统的变化,就如现代人以惊奇的目光面对年年更新的计算机和电信设备一样。历史证明,无论是从木材到煤,还是从煤到石油,这些主要能源的转变都需要有一个积累过程。但是,一旦经济和政治上的阻力被克服,新的技术得以自我证实,转 In the short span of 20 years between 1890 and 1910, almost complete changes have taken place in the energy systems of the United States and Western Europe. During this period, electric lights replaced gas lamps and cars instead of wagons. Rapid industrial growth has given birth to many new businesses in emerging fields such as oil, automotive and electricity. People living in that age witnessed the changes in the energy system just as modern people face with surprising eyes on the ever-changing computer and telecommunications equipment. History shows that the transformation of these major energy sources requires a process of accumulation, whether from wood to coal or from coal to oil. However, once the economic and political resistance is overcome, new technologies can be self-substantiated and transferred