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摘 要 目的:為医药企业提高研发能力、改善研发投入策略提供参考。方法:收集我国西南地区13家上市医药企业的年报数据,以固定资产、营业成本、在职员工数量、研发投入金额为投入指标,以净利润、营业收入、每股收益为产出指标,采用超效率数据包络分析(DEA)模型,运用MyDEA1.0软件计算运营效率值,对比各企业在有、无研发投入两种情况下的企业运营效率和研发投入对企业的贡献度,并采用SPSS 20.0软件进行Wilcoxon符号秩检验比较两者差异。结果:2013-2015年,13家上市医药企业中有10家企业加大了研发投入,表明西南地区上市医药企业对研发投入越发重视。连续3年13家上市医药企业中有研发投入企业的效率值明显高于无研发投入企业,且前者达到DEA有效的数量较多,表明研发投入与医药企业运营效率呈正相关;经Wilcoxon符号秩检验也证实研发投入是有效投入。有3家企业加入研发投入指标后运营效率得到改善,研发贡献度较大;有5家企业研发贡献度为零,无论是否加入研发投入其效率值均不变;其余各上市医药企业各年研发贡献度差异较大。结论:建议在行业总体层面,企业应在加大研发投入力度的同时注意提升研发效率,建立完善的研发创新体系和研发人才培养机制,建立“产、学、研”一体化的培养方式;政府也应创造环境支持医药企业的研发活动。而在企业个体层面,不同的企业应该根据自身实际采用不同的策略,以提高研发投入对企业运营效率的拉动作用。
关键词 超效率数据包络分析模型;研发投入;西南地区;上市医药企业;研发贡献度
Study on the R&D Contribution Rate of Listed Pharmaceutical Enterprises in Southwest China Based on Super-efficiency DEA Model
ZHANG Dan,ZHOU Geyao,TIAN Haiyu,CHEN Wenjiao,MENG Xiaoxia(School of Medical and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for pharmaceutical enterprises to enhance the R&D capability and improve the R&D investment strategy. METHODS: The annual report data of 13 listed pharmaceutical enterprises in southwest China were collcted. Taking fixed assets, operating costs, the number of employees in service and the amount of R&D investment as input indicators, net profit, operating income and earnings per share as output indicators, the efficiency values were calculated by using MyDEA 1.0 software based on super-efficiency DEA model. The operating efficiency of enterprises with or without R&D input were compared; the contribution rate of R&D investment to enterprises were calculated. Finally, Wilcoxon symbolic rank test was carried out by using SPSS 20.0 software to compare the difference. RESULTS: From 2013 to 2015, 10 of the 13 listed pharmaceutical enterprises had increased their R&D investment, which indicated that listed pharmaceutical enterprises in southwest China paid more attention to R&D investment. For three consecutive years, the efficiency value of R&D investment of the 13 listed pharmaceutical enterprises was significantly higher than that of the enterprises without R&D investment, and the number of the former reaching DEA efficiency was more, indicating that R&D investment was positively correlated with the operational efficiency of pharmaceutical enterprises. The Wilcoxon symbol rank test also confirmed that R&D investment was an effect input. After three enterprises joined the R&D input index, their operational efficiency was improved, and their R&D contribution was greater. Five enterprises had zero R&D contribution, their efficiency value remained unchanged whether or not they joined R&D input. The R&D contribution of other listed pharmaceutical enterprises varied greatly in each year. CONCLUSIONS: At the overall level of the industry, enterprises should increase their R&D investment and pay attention to improving R&D efficiency, establish a sound R&D innovation system and R&D personnel training mechanism, establish an integrated training mode of production, learning and research; the government should create an environment to support R&D activities of pharmaceutical enterprises. For individual enterprises, different strategies should be adopted based on practical situation in order to improve the pulling effect of R&D input on the operational efficiency of enterprises. 4 建议
虽然西南地区上市医药企业研发贡献度普遍较低,但研发投入与医药企业运营效率成正相关这点是毋庸置疑的,并且会长期对企业运营效率产生积极影响。因此,为提高医药企业运营效率,笔者提出如下建议:
4.1 行业总体层面
医药企业应进一步加大研发投入力度,同时,要注意提升研发效率,加大对技术的吸收和转化,增强企业自主创新能力并通过研发活动拉动企业运营效率;建立完善的研发创新体系和研发人才培养机制,加大对专业研发人才的培养;建立“产、学、研”一体化的培养方式,加强与高校以及科研机构的深度合作,借助高校优质的人力资源和先进的仪器设备进行研发活动,以降低企业自身研发风险,加快研发活动成果转化。同时,政府应鼓励医药企业开展研发活动,创造促进研发的社会氛围,制定相应的优惠政策,在医药企业进行研发活动的关键环节给予大力支持,以提升研发效率。
4.2 企业个体层面
不少企业处于研发贡献度低或企业运营效率低的状态,这提示企业不能盲目加大研发投入,否则不仅不能带来企业运营效率的提高,反而会造成更多的资源浪费。因此,针对不同的企业,应采用不同的策略:(1)针对企业D和企业M,其人、财、物各项资源配置合理,研发投入是有效投入,且研发活动促进了企业运营效率的提升,因此这类企业应该保持现状,继续维持现有的研发投入和研发方向;(2)针对企业C和企业I,研发活动对企业绩效具有一定的带动作用,但是企业运营效率低下,因此应从固定资产规模、营业成本、在职员工数量等研发投入之外的生产要素入手,探究企业运营效率低下的原因,并采取对策合理配置各项资源;(3)针对企业E、F、G,企业运营效率较高,但是研发活动没有对企业运营效率起到带动作用,因此要对企业研发活动进行诊断,发现研发活动在研发投入力度、研发方向、研发产出结果等方面可能存在的问题,进而提高研发活动效果;(4)针对企业A、B、H、J、K、L,企业运营效率低,且研发活动效率低,对企业运营绩效起不到带动作用,因此这类企业既要从研发投入之外的其他生产要素入手,采取对策合理配置企业各项资源、减少资源的浪费、提高资源的有效性,又要找出研发活动中存在的问题,努力提高研发投入效果,从而让企业达到资源的优化配置,使投入的研发资源最大程度地发挥对企业运营效率的推动作用。
5 结语
本研究以西南地区13家上市医药企业研发活动的有效性和重要性为切入点,利用超效率DEA评价方法比较分析了在有、无研发投入两种情况下企业运营效率的差異,并判断企业的研发投入配置是否有效。对医药企业研发贡献度的研究既可反映不同企业间的横向对比结果,又可反映连续3年企业研发贡献度的变化,并在分析研发投入对企业的贡献度时考虑到了研发活动的时滞性。但本研究依然存在一些不足之处:首先,本研究将所有企业的研发投入的滞后期统一定为2年,对于有些企业可能不太合适,从而可能对测算出的效率值造成一定影响;其次,由于数据来源的限制,本研究只分析了西南地区上市医药企业,而众多非上市医药企业的研发活动没有考虑进去,因此无法得出西南地区的整体医药企业研发投入对企业效率的影响结论;此外,根据年报数据得出了不同医药企业的研发贡献度不同的结论,但是没有结合企业实际情况来提出更有针对性、更具可操作性的企业研发战略。
参考文献
[ 1 ] 国家统计局.2017年全国科技经费投入统计公报[EB/OL].(2018-10-09)[2019-01-22]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rdpcgb/qgkjjftrtjgb/201810/t20181012_1627451.
html.
[ 2 ] 徐秋雨,何苗,蔡琳敏.创新药能力不足 仿制药大而不强 中国医药该怎么和世界比?[EB/OL].(2018-05-04)[2019-01-22]. https://www.jiemian.com/article/2110060.html.
[ 3 ] 王琪.基于超效率DEA方法下的中部重点城市创新效率评价[J].价值工程,2019(1):20-22.
[ 4 ] 吴文江.用超效率综合DEA模型来研究DEA有效性[J].数学的实践与认识,2012,42(4):158-165.
[ 5 ] 江雯雯,王东宇,陈玉文.我国医药制造业出口贸易活动与研发资金投入关系研究:基于VAR模型[J].科技管理研究,2018,43(5):97-104.
[ 6 ] 陈素琴.研发投入与企业财务绩效的相关性[J].开发研究,2018(3):144-152.
[ 7 ] 吴丹丹,席晓宇,徐怀伏.研发投入的滞后效应研究:基于医药制造业的分析[J].中国卫生事业管理,2018(11):830-861.
(收稿日期:2019-03-10 修回日期:2019-05-11)
(编辑:孙 冰)
关键词 超效率数据包络分析模型;研发投入;西南地区;上市医药企业;研发贡献度
Study on the R&D Contribution Rate of Listed Pharmaceutical Enterprises in Southwest China Based on Super-efficiency DEA Model
ZHANG Dan,ZHOU Geyao,TIAN Haiyu,CHEN Wenjiao,MENG Xiaoxia(School of Medical and Health Management, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China)
ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To provide reference for pharmaceutical enterprises to enhance the R&D capability and improve the R&D investment strategy. METHODS: The annual report data of 13 listed pharmaceutical enterprises in southwest China were collcted. Taking fixed assets, operating costs, the number of employees in service and the amount of R&D investment as input indicators, net profit, operating income and earnings per share as output indicators, the efficiency values were calculated by using MyDEA 1.0 software based on super-efficiency DEA model. The operating efficiency of enterprises with or without R&D input were compared; the contribution rate of R&D investment to enterprises were calculated. Finally, Wilcoxon symbolic rank test was carried out by using SPSS 20.0 software to compare the difference. RESULTS: From 2013 to 2015, 10 of the 13 listed pharmaceutical enterprises had increased their R&D investment, which indicated that listed pharmaceutical enterprises in southwest China paid more attention to R&D investment. For three consecutive years, the efficiency value of R&D investment of the 13 listed pharmaceutical enterprises was significantly higher than that of the enterprises without R&D investment, and the number of the former reaching DEA efficiency was more, indicating that R&D investment was positively correlated with the operational efficiency of pharmaceutical enterprises. The Wilcoxon symbol rank test also confirmed that R&D investment was an effect input. After three enterprises joined the R&D input index, their operational efficiency was improved, and their R&D contribution was greater. Five enterprises had zero R&D contribution, their efficiency value remained unchanged whether or not they joined R&D input. The R&D contribution of other listed pharmaceutical enterprises varied greatly in each year. CONCLUSIONS: At the overall level of the industry, enterprises should increase their R&D investment and pay attention to improving R&D efficiency, establish a sound R&D innovation system and R&D personnel training mechanism, establish an integrated training mode of production, learning and research; the government should create an environment to support R&D activities of pharmaceutical enterprises. For individual enterprises, different strategies should be adopted based on practical situation in order to improve the pulling effect of R&D input on the operational efficiency of enterprises. 4 建议
虽然西南地区上市医药企业研发贡献度普遍较低,但研发投入与医药企业运营效率成正相关这点是毋庸置疑的,并且会长期对企业运营效率产生积极影响。因此,为提高医药企业运营效率,笔者提出如下建议:
4.1 行业总体层面
医药企业应进一步加大研发投入力度,同时,要注意提升研发效率,加大对技术的吸收和转化,增强企业自主创新能力并通过研发活动拉动企业运营效率;建立完善的研发创新体系和研发人才培养机制,加大对专业研发人才的培养;建立“产、学、研”一体化的培养方式,加强与高校以及科研机构的深度合作,借助高校优质的人力资源和先进的仪器设备进行研发活动,以降低企业自身研发风险,加快研发活动成果转化。同时,政府应鼓励医药企业开展研发活动,创造促进研发的社会氛围,制定相应的优惠政策,在医药企业进行研发活动的关键环节给予大力支持,以提升研发效率。
4.2 企业个体层面
不少企业处于研发贡献度低或企业运营效率低的状态,这提示企业不能盲目加大研发投入,否则不仅不能带来企业运营效率的提高,反而会造成更多的资源浪费。因此,针对不同的企业,应采用不同的策略:(1)针对企业D和企业M,其人、财、物各项资源配置合理,研发投入是有效投入,且研发活动促进了企业运营效率的提升,因此这类企业应该保持现状,继续维持现有的研发投入和研发方向;(2)针对企业C和企业I,研发活动对企业绩效具有一定的带动作用,但是企业运营效率低下,因此应从固定资产规模、营业成本、在职员工数量等研发投入之外的生产要素入手,探究企业运营效率低下的原因,并采取对策合理配置各项资源;(3)针对企业E、F、G,企业运营效率较高,但是研发活动没有对企业运营效率起到带动作用,因此要对企业研发活动进行诊断,发现研发活动在研发投入力度、研发方向、研发产出结果等方面可能存在的问题,进而提高研发活动效果;(4)针对企业A、B、H、J、K、L,企业运营效率低,且研发活动效率低,对企业运营绩效起不到带动作用,因此这类企业既要从研发投入之外的其他生产要素入手,采取对策合理配置企业各项资源、减少资源的浪费、提高资源的有效性,又要找出研发活动中存在的问题,努力提高研发投入效果,从而让企业达到资源的优化配置,使投入的研发资源最大程度地发挥对企业运营效率的推动作用。
5 结语
本研究以西南地区13家上市医药企业研发活动的有效性和重要性为切入点,利用超效率DEA评价方法比较分析了在有、无研发投入两种情况下企业运营效率的差異,并判断企业的研发投入配置是否有效。对医药企业研发贡献度的研究既可反映不同企业间的横向对比结果,又可反映连续3年企业研发贡献度的变化,并在分析研发投入对企业的贡献度时考虑到了研发活动的时滞性。但本研究依然存在一些不足之处:首先,本研究将所有企业的研发投入的滞后期统一定为2年,对于有些企业可能不太合适,从而可能对测算出的效率值造成一定影响;其次,由于数据来源的限制,本研究只分析了西南地区上市医药企业,而众多非上市医药企业的研发活动没有考虑进去,因此无法得出西南地区的整体医药企业研发投入对企业效率的影响结论;此外,根据年报数据得出了不同医药企业的研发贡献度不同的结论,但是没有结合企业实际情况来提出更有针对性、更具可操作性的企业研发战略。
参考文献
[ 1 ] 国家统计局.2017年全国科技经费投入统计公报[EB/OL].(2018-10-09)[2019-01-22]. http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rdpcgb/qgkjjftrtjgb/201810/t20181012_1627451.
html.
[ 2 ] 徐秋雨,何苗,蔡琳敏.创新药能力不足 仿制药大而不强 中国医药该怎么和世界比?[EB/OL].(2018-05-04)[2019-01-22]. https://www.jiemian.com/article/2110060.html.
[ 3 ] 王琪.基于超效率DEA方法下的中部重点城市创新效率评价[J].价值工程,2019(1):20-22.
[ 4 ] 吴文江.用超效率综合DEA模型来研究DEA有效性[J].数学的实践与认识,2012,42(4):158-165.
[ 5 ] 江雯雯,王东宇,陈玉文.我国医药制造业出口贸易活动与研发资金投入关系研究:基于VAR模型[J].科技管理研究,2018,43(5):97-104.
[ 6 ] 陈素琴.研发投入与企业财务绩效的相关性[J].开发研究,2018(3):144-152.
[ 7 ] 吴丹丹,席晓宇,徐怀伏.研发投入的滞后效应研究:基于医药制造业的分析[J].中国卫生事业管理,2018(11):830-861.
(收稿日期:2019-03-10 修回日期:2019-05-11)
(编辑:孙 冰)