毫不夸张的可以肯定,免疫学作为一个科学与临床学科在20世纪末有飞跃的发展。虽然免疫防御的基本概念在19世纪末已经确立(例如Metchnikoff的吞噬细胞作用,Behring和Kitasato对于抗体的描述,Ehrlich的抗体形成侧链学说等),自20世纪中叶方才认识到免疫系统结构的基础。在过去20～30年对于免疫系统的功能——特别是分子生物学水平的认识突飞猛进,这些进展正如其它生物医学一样,是细胞学、生物技术和分子生物学进展的结果。例如Kohler和Milstein 1997年发现和建立的单克隆抗体技术,迄今已 It is no exaggeration to be sure that immunology as a science and clinical discipline in the late 20th century leapfrog development. Although the basic concept of immune defenses was established at the end of the 19th century (eg Metchnikoff’s phagocytic function, Behring and Kitasato’s description of antibodies, Ehrlich’s antibody forming side chain theory, etc.), the basis of the immune system architecture has been recognized since the mid-20th century. In the past 20 to 30 years, the understanding of immune system functions, especially molecular biology, has progressed by leaps and bounds. As with other biomedical science, these advances are the result of advances in cytology, biotechnology and molecular biology. For example, the monoclonal antibody technology discovered and established by Kohler and Milstein in 1997 has so far