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20年前,欧洲位于能源和电力行业的前沿。在20世纪90年代,电力充足,价格合理,欧洲成为大型工业企业的所在地,这些企业通常都是各行业的领导者和世界级的电力企业。然而今天的欧洲正在失去这一优势。与其他主要竞争国家相比,欧洲现在的电力成本更高,工业组织规模正在缩小,其电力企业也正面临困难。为何会产生这样的反转?自20世纪90年代起,建立欧洲电力市场时的“自下而上”的方法被“自上而下”的逻辑所取代。一个单一模式被应用于所有国家,欧盟委员会利用竞争与环境的手段来解决电力议题。过去20年来,在抽象及缺乏系统化的观念指导下,欧洲在碳排放、竞争力以及工业发展方面取得的成效非常令人失望。通过回顾西欧电力史,不仅能够了解这种变迁,并且能够为未来提供经验反馈。
Twenty years ago, Europe was at the forefront of the energy and power industry. In the 1990s, electricity was abundant and affordable, and Europe was home to large industrial companies, often leaders in industries and world-class power companies. However, Europe today is losing that advantage. Compared with other major competition countries, Europe is now more expensive electricity, industrial organization is shrinking, and its power companies are also facing difficulties. Why does such a reversal happen? Since the 1990s, the “bottom-up” approach to establishing the European electricity market has been replaced by the “top-down” logic. A single model is applied to all countries and the European Commission uses competition and the environment to solve electricity issues. Over the past two decades, Europe has achieved very disappointing results in terms of carbon emissions, competitiveness and industrial development, guided by abstract and unsystematic notions. By reviewing the history of power in Western Europe, not only can we understand this change, but also provide empirical feedback on the future.