在第二次鸦片战争中,英法联军直捣京师,并放火烧毁圆明园,迫使清政府签订丧权辱国的《北京条约》,这在清朝统治阶级内部和广大士大夫中间都引起了强烈的反响,“有天地开辟以来未有之奇愤,凡有心知血气,莫不冲发上指者,则今日之以广运万里地球中第一大国,而受制于小夷也。……如耻之,则莫如自强”。①在内忧外患的夹击下,清王朝统治集团中的一部分实权人物(即洋务派)为了挽救清王朝的统治,进行了轰轰 In the Second Opium War, the British and French coalition troops tried their best to smash the capital and set fire to the Yuanmingyuan Park, forcing the Qing government to sign the Beijing Treaty that humiliated and humiliated the country. This caused a strong reaction among the ruling class in the Qing Dynasty and among the majority of scholars and scholars. Since the opening up has not been the anger, who have the heart to know the flesh, never redress on the finger, then today’s wide-spread Miles in the world’s largest power, and subject to Koizumi also ... ... ashamed of, is like self-improvement " . In the attack of internal and external disasters, a part of the real power of the Qing dynasty ruling group (ie, the Westernization School) conducted a vigorous effort to save the rule of the Qing Dynasty