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柏拉图与孟子都讨论过社会分工,也都主张由少数贤者治理国家的贤能政治,他们提出分工理论也都源于认识到人自身有限性与需求多样性之间的矛盾。但是基于人性论的不同,其分工理论也有所差异。柏拉图认为人的德性天然具有差异,个人的才能先验的不同,故而其分工讲究各安其分,各守其职;而孟子则指出人性皆善,个人都有经由努力修养达到圣人的可能性。二者的核心政治价值和政治目标也有差异,柏拉图强调正义,主张正义政治;孟子主张仁义,强调王道政治。在政治理念的理论构建过程中,二者的分工理论也发挥了不同的政治作用,前者是理想城邦统一稳定秩序化的保证,后者理论上肯定君子野人社会两阶层划分的合理性。而柏拉图和孟子对待家庭的不同态度,也让我们窥到两者政治理论实践上走上法治或人治两条不同道路的原因。
Both Plato and Mencius discussed the social division of labor, and also advocated that a few sages should govern the virtuous politics of the country. Both of them proposed that the theory of division of labor also came from recognizing the contradiction between the finiteness and the diversity of needs. However, based on the different theories of human nature, its division of labor theory also differs. Plato believed that human nature has its own differences, and personal talents differ only a priori. Therefore, the division of labor pays equal attention to each and every duty, while Mencius points out that all human beings are good and individuals have the ability to attain the goal of saints by their efforts Sex. Both have different core political values and political goals. Plato emphasizes justice and advocates just politics. Mencius advocates benevolence and emphasizes benevolent politics. The theory of division of labor between the two also played different political roles in the theoretical construction of political ideas. The former is the guarantee of a unified and stable order of the ideal city-states, and the latter affirmed the rationality of the division of the two strata in Gentleman’s Savage. The different attitudes of Plato and Mencius toward the family also give us a glimpse of why the political theory of both countries embarked on two separate roads: the rule of law and the rule of man.