一、引论:21世纪工程环境的变化近30年尤其是进入新世纪以来,人类社会已迈入全球化和技术创新驱动的知识经济新时代。全球范围内科技发展日新月异,复杂程度与日俱增。信息、生物、纳米等新技术迅猛发展,资源、环境、人口、国家安全、全球可持续发展等问题以前所未有的速度和复杂性呈现在我们面前。技术创新——实现知识向产品、过程以及服务的转化,是长 I. Introduction: Changes in Engineering Environment in the 21st Century Nearly 30 years, especially since the beginning of the new century, human society has entered a new era of knowledge-based economy driven by globalization and technological innovation. The development of science and technology in the world is changing rapidly with increasing sophistication. New technologies such as information, biology and nanotechnology are developing rapidly. The unprecedented speed and complexity of resources, the environment, population, national security and global sustainable development are presented to us. Technological Innovation - The Conversion of Knowledge to Products, Processes, and Services Is Long