心脏功能衰竭时,心房压的代偿性增加帮助维持心输出量。交感神经系统介导的血管收缩使血流中心性重新分布,肾素-血管紧张素系统的活化刺激盐和水的潴留。这些相同的神经内分泌机制增加了血管阻力,血管阻力维持了血压,但也产生了增加左心室后负荷和减少心输出量的恶性循环。临床表现为肺和全身充 When heart failure occurs, a compensatory increase in atrial pressure helps maintain cardiac output. Sympathetic nervous system-mediated vasoconstriction redistributes central blood flow and activation of the renin-angiotensin system stimulates salt and water retention. These same neuroendocrine mechanisms increase vascular resistance, vascular resistance maintains blood pressure, but also produces a vicious circle that increases left ventricular afterload and reduces cardiac output. Clinical manifestations of lung and body charge