外泌体是拥有由脂质构成双层球状膜的囊泡，能够被干细胞在内的多种细胞所分泌。外泌体所具有的独特生物学特性和无法替代的强大功能在细胞间通讯中发挥着举足轻重的作用。干细胞外泌体所含有的多种细胞因子、信号蛋白、脂质以及调节性核酸等成分能够对肾脏、肝脏、心脏、血管以及神经等的损伤发挥保护作用。干细胞外泌体在通过抑制髓核细胞凋亡、增加细胞外基质合成等方式延缓椎间盘的退变进程，其发挥作用的主要机制主要通过miRNA及相关信号通路。虽然对干细胞外泌体在椎间盘中的作用机制进行了初步探索，但外泌体所包含的成分复杂，具体情况尚未完全明了，仍需深入研究。主要通过对干细胞外泌体的特性及功能、提取、鉴定和贮存方法，对其他多种组织的作用，及其对椎间盘的作用和作用机制等方面进行阐述，为椎间盘退变性疾病的研究提供依据。“,”Exosomes are vesicles with a double globular membrane of lipids that can be secreted by a variety of cells, including stem cells. Exosomes have unique biological characteristics and irreplaceable powerful functions which play an important role in intercellular communication. The various cytokines, signal proteins, lipids and regulatory nucleic acids contained in stem cell exosomes can play a protective role against the injury of kidney, liver, heart, blood vessels and nerves. Stem cell exosomes delay the process of intervertebral disc degeneration by inhibiting the apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells and increasing the synthesis of extracellular matrix, etc. The mechanism of its role is mainly through miRNA and related signaling pathways. Exosomes contain complex components. Although the mechanism of action of exosomes in intervertebral discs has been preliminarily explored, the components contained in exosomes are complex and the specific situation has not been fully understood, which still needs further study. In this review, the characteristics and functions of stem cell exosomes, extraction, identification and storage methods, the impacttovarious other tissues, as well as the effects on intervertebral discs and their mechanisms were elaborated in order to provide a basis for the study of intervertebral disc degenerative diseases.