植物之间如何“交流”

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  看上去“安靜生长”的植物,在看不见的地下世界里却有丰富多彩的“交流”活动。一项由中、德、英三国学者共同参与的最新研究发现,相邻植物可以通过根部释放的化学物质互相“对话”。这种由化学物质主导的“交流”,可以改变植物生长的微环境,调节养分供给,甚至影响产量。
  据领导这一研究的中科院南京土壤研究所研究员孙波介绍,植物根系从土壤中汲取生长所需的养分,同时也释放化学物质。这些化学物质改变了原本土壤里的水、气、生物等微环境,这些改变很可能对周围其他植物也造成影响。此次,科研团队选取了中国南方耕地经常相邻种植的花生和木薯,来具体研究植物问的化学信号怎样相互影响。
  研究人员发现,木薯根部会向土壤中释放出一系列液态和气态的氰化物,邻近的花生感知到这些物质,会相应释放出气态分子乙烯。在乙烯影响下,花生植株会主动缩减地上部分的繁茂程度,优先保证果实的养分供给。同时,乙烯还能作为“召集信号”,聚集土壤中的有益微生物到花生根部,提高氮、磷等有效养分的吸收率,以进一步提高花生果实的饱满程度和产量。
  这项研究告诉我们,植物根部释放的化学物质,或许是不同植物间“交流对话”的关键。搞清这些“化学对话”如何进行,就有机会解开更多植物的“生长密码”,帮助人类更加科学有效地种植农作物。
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